Table 6 Studies reporting the result of non-surgical treatments excluding radiotherapy in sacral giant cell tumor
From: Intralesional nerve-sparing surgery versus non-surgical treatment for giant cell tumor of the sacrum
First author, year of publication | Tumor level | Campanacci stage | Number of patients | Response | Follow-up (months) | Functional outcome | Complications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denosumab combined with embolization | |||||||
Ji, 2017 [3] | S1–4 | Stage 3: 100% | 1 | Stable: 100% | 31 | Asymptomatic: 100% | None |
Puri, 2020 [15] | S1: 77%; S2: 15%; S3: 8% | Stage 3: 100% | 12 | Stable: 42%; Progression: 58% | Mean 49 | 10 patients (83%) were asymptomatic. The patient with loss of bladder control at presentation recovered. | Foot drop: 17% |
Embolization | |||||||
Chuang, 1981 [33] | NR | NR | 3 | Response: 67% | Mean 34 | 2 patients (67%) recovered from pain | Foot drop: 33%, Foot numbness: 33% |
Hosalkar, 2007 [34] | Above S3: 0%; at or below S3: 0%; in both parts: 100% | stage 2: 67%; stage 3: 33% | 9 | Partial response: 78%; progression: 22% | Mean 108 | Mean MSTS 29 | NR |
Lackman, 2002 [35] | NR | NR | 4 | Stable: 50%; progression: 50% | Mean 80 | All the patients (100%) recovered from pain. | NR |
Lin, 2002 [36] | Above S3: 50%, at or below S3: 33%, in both parts: 17% | NR | 17 | Partial response: 82%; progression: 18% | Median 105 | 14 patients (73%) recovered from pain and neurologic symptoms. | Foot drop: 12%, Foot numbness: 6%; Malignant transformation due to RT: 12% |
Nakanishi, 2013 [37] | NR | NR | 4 | Partial response: 75%; progression: 25% | Mean 78 | Mean MSTS increased from 28% preoperatively to 90% postoperatively. | Foot drop: 25% |
Bisphosphonate | |||||||
Balke, 2010 [38] | NR | NR | 9 (3 patients underwent surgery; 1 received interferon therapy, 2 received RT, 7 underwent embolization) | Partial response: 11%; stable: 67%; progression: 22% | Mean 24 | NR | None |