Table 2 Patients’ characteristics and outcomes in the nerve-sparing surgery and non-surgical treatment groups
From: Intralesional nerve-sparing surgery versus non-surgical treatment for giant cell tumor of the sacrum
|  | Nerve-sparing surgery group (n = 9) | Non-surgical treatment group (n = 6) |
|---|---|---|
Age (years) | Mean 29 (range, 15–48) | Mean 40 (range, 14–66) |
Sex | Â | Â |
  Male | 2 (22%) | 2 (33%) |
  Female | 7 (78%) | 4 (67%) |
Tumor volume (cm3) | Mean 111 (range, 14–235) | Mean 272 (range, 99–678) |
Tumor level | Â | Â |
  Above S3 | 3 (33%) | 1 (17%) |
  At or below S3 | 1 (11%) | 0 |
At both levels | 5 (56%) | 5 (83%) |
Involvement of the sacro-iliac joint | Â | Â |
  No | 4 (44%) | 6 (100%) |
  Yes | 5 (56%) | 0 |
Involvement of the vascular or other organ system | Â | Â |
  No | 4 (44%) | 5 (83%) |
  Yes | 5 (56%) | 1 (17%) |
Location | Â | Â |
  Central | 2 (22%) | 5 (83%) |
  Eccentric | 7 (78%) | 1 (17%) |
Local recurrence or tumor progression | Â | Â |
  No | 5 (56%) | 6 (100%) |
  Yes | 4 (44%) | 0 |
Lung metastasis | Â | Â |
  No | 8 (89%) | 6 (100%) |
  Yes | 1 (11%) | 0 |
Oncological outcome | Â | Â |
  CDF | 5 (56%) | 0 |
  NED | 1 (11%) | 0 |
  AWD | 3 (33%) | 6 (100%) |
Complications | Â | Â |
  None | 5 (56%) | 5 (83%) |
  Infection | 1 (11%) | 0 |
  Bladder laceration | 1 (11%) | 0 |
  Stress fracture of the sacro-iliac joint | 1 (11%) | 0 |
  Apical granuloma of the tooth | 1 (11%) | 0 |
  Osteonecrosis of the jaw | 0 | 1 (17%) |
Karnofsky performance status | Mean 87 (range, 65–95) | Mean 88 (range, 75–100) |
Total of modified Biagini score | Mean 0.9 (range, 0–4) | Mean 0.5 (range, 0–2) |
Follow-up (months) | Mean 85 (range, 25–154) | Mean 59 (range, 17–94) |