Table 2 Sagittal, coronal, and transverse plane kinematics of the lower extremity during cycling
From: Cycling kinematics in healthy adults for musculoskeletal rehabilitation guidance
|  |  | Range of motion (•) |  | Maximum value (•) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sagittal plane | Pelvis | 1.6 ± 0.6 (0.7 – 3.6) | Posterior tilt | −15.0 ± 3.5 (− 24.1 – − 7.7) |
Anterior tilt | 16.6 ± 3.6 (8.9 – 25.3) | |||
Hip | 43.9 ± 3.7 (36.7 – 51.5) | Extension | −43.0 ± 5.1 (− 54.4 – − 34.5) | |
Flexion | 86.9 ± 4.3 (79.7 – 98.0) | |||
Knee | 75.2 ± 7.2 (60.1 – 94.1) | Extension | −34.0 ± 9.8 (− 57.2 – − 14.7) | |
Flexion | 109.3 ± 3.9 (102.7 – 118.5) | |||
Ankle | 26.9 ± 10.5 (10.8 – 47.0) | Dorsiflexion | 7.6 ± 8.1 (− 6.2 – 28.3) | |
Plantar flexion | 19.2 ± 7.6 (1.6 – 31.8) | |||
Coronal plane | Pelvis | 7.1 ± 2.5 (2.0 – 11.7) | Rt side up | 3.5 ± 2.1 (−1.2 – 7.2) |
Rt side down | 3.6 ± 2.4 (−1.1 – 7.8) | |||
Hip | 5.0 ± 1.8 (1.6 – 10.8) | Adduction | 10 ± 3.4 (5.9 – 21.8) | |
Abduction | −5.1 ± 2.9 (−13.6 – −0.9) | |||
Knee | 6.6 ± 2.7 (2.5 – 12.0) | Varus | 1.6 ± 2.8 (−4.2 – 6.44) | |
Valgus | 5.0 ± 2.2 (0.3 – 9.2) | |||
Ankle | 5.8 ± 3.2 (2.1 – 14.2) | Inversion | 1.5 ± 6.0 (−14.1 – 13.0) | |
Eversion | 4.3 ± 6.5 (−10.2 – 20.6) | |||
Transverse plane | Pelvis | 3.2 ± 1.9 (0.9 – 8.7) | Internal ROT | 2.4 ± 3.1 (−4.2 – 8.8) |
External ROT | 0.8 ± 3.3 (−4.3 – 12.5) | |||
Hip | 11.6 ± 4.5 (3.3 – 23.8) | Internal ROT | 6.3 ± 3.5 (−0.0 – 13.7) | |
External ROT | 5.3 ± 6.1 (−5.9 – 20.6) | |||
Knee | 6.6 ± 2.7 (2.5 – 12.0) | Internal ROT | 5.0 ± 2.2 (0.3 – 9.2) | |
External ROT | 1.6 ± 2.8 (−4.2 – 6.4) | |||
Ankle | 10.3 ± 4.9 (3.9 – 22.0) | Internal ROT | 4.4 ± 5.1 (−5.7 – 18.9) | |
External ROT | 6.0 ± 4.3 (−1.0 – 13.2) |