Table 5 Summary of computer-assisted navigation systems in total hip arthroplasty

Image-free navigation

Kalteis et al. 2006 [12]

93%

2.9° ± 2.2°

4.2° ± 3.3°

0.0%

Parratte et al. 2007 [13]

80%

0.0%

Lass et al. 2014 [9]

90%

3.2° ± 2.4°

6.5° ± 3.7°

Takeda et al. 2017 [14]

3.7° ± 2.7°

6.8° ± 3.6°

0.0%

Present study

93%

3.3° ± 2.8°

5.8° ± 4.9°

0.9%

CT-based navigation

Kalteis et al. 2006 [12]

83%

3.0° ± 2.6°

3.3° ± 2.3°

0.0%

Murphy et al. 2006 [20]

0.5%

Sugano et al. 2012 [11]

100%

0.0%

Iwana et al. 2013 [16]

1.8° ± 1.6°

1.2° ± 1.1°

Tsutsui et al. 2017 [17]

1.5° ± 1.3°

2.1° ± 1.8°

Nakahara et al. 2018 [18]

1.2° ± 3.3°

1.0° ± 2.4°

Tetsunaga et al. 2020 [15]

2.7° ± 2.0°

2.8° ± 2.6°

0.0%

Tetsunaga et al. 2020 [19]

3.2° ± 2.4°

3.0° ± 2.5°

0.0%