Table 1 Categorization of all interventions used in the program, defined in ten categories
Intervention | Description |
|---|---|
1. Education | General education on injury/disease, acute and chronic pain-physiology, neuroscience education, regimes, activity-modification, ergonomics, general health, coping strategies |
2. Sensorimotor training | Can also be termed neuromuscular training or motor control exercises and refers to exercises with the purpose of improving sensorimotor control - including training of muscular synergies, balanced in time and magnitude through the relearning of motor control - in specific, the exercises aim at creating appropriate, automatic and generalized movements to optimize muscular joint stabilization commonly affected by the pain [33, 34] |
3. Physical activity-advice | Individualized advice on how to optimize the individual patient’s physical activity despite the chronic pain, most often advice on walking, Nordic walking, cross-training or cycling. |
4. Interventions aiming at improving structures and functions | Stretching, manual physical therapy techniques, heat or cold treatment, spray-n-stretch-technique, taping – all prior to exercises for movement or stabilization |
5. Sensory stimulation | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture |
6. Physical activity carried out together with the physiotherapist | Physical activity with direct guidance on for example exercise-bike, cross-trainer or Nordic walking |
7. Weight training | Individualized exercises performed in a gym center or weight training with other equipment |
8. Relaxation, Mindfulness | Relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, autogenous training. Mindfulness-training including paying attention to thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations other than pain in the present moment, often while carrying out movements |
9. Physiotherapy interventions with an Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)-inspired approach | Interventions to support acceptance, committed action, values, movement- and behavior change and to reduce fear-of-movement, and also specific interventions on motivation - MI, motivating interviewing - aiming at improving self-efficacy in behavior-change |
10. Basic body awareness therapy and training of specified activities | A movement-based physiotherapeutic method developed in Scandinavia where movements aim at enhance body awareness and consciousness of the body with the purpose to move with less effort [35] |