Table 1 Participant characteristics according to the presence or absence of hallux rigidus
From: Prevalence of and risk factors for hallux rigidus: a cross-sectional study in Japan
Variable | Hallux rigidus (-) n=443 | Hallux rigidus (+) n=161 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean years ± SD) | 66.9± 6.7 | 67.6 ± 5.5 | 0.32 |
Age (≥65) | 326 (73.6%) | 130 (80.7%) | 0.087 |
Sex (female) | 286 (64.6%) | 110 (68.3%) | 0.44 |
BMI | 23.4 ± 3.3 | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 0.49 |
BMI (≥25) | 117 (26.4%) | 56 (34.8%) | 0.053 |
Knee osteoarthritis | 93(21.6%) | 68 (39.1%) | *<.001 |
Hallux valgus | 100(22.6%) | 87 (54.0%) | *<0.01 |
Heberden's node | 147 (33.2%) | 64 (39.8%) | 0.24 |
Vertebral fracture | 62 (14.0%) | 32 (19.9%) | 0.12 |
Osteoporosis | 106 (23.9%) | 45 (28.0%) | 0.29 |
Hypertension | 172 (38.8%) | 71 (44.1%) | 0.26 |
Diabetes mellitus | 33 (7.4%) | 21 (13.0%) | *0.037 |
Hyperlipidemia | 171 (38.6%) | 57 (35.4%) | 0.51 |
Gout attack | 8 (1.8%) | 8 (5.0%) | *0.044 |
Smoking | 78 (17.6%) | 29 (18.0%) | 0.90 |
Alcohol | 152 (34.3%) | 52 (32.3%) | 0.70 |