Fig. 3

2D-CT images of 3D-CT reconstructions of the articular surfaces of a left shoulder. A Height and width of the glenoid measured as described [35]: a line drawn from the most cranial (A) to the most caudal point (B) of the glenoid cavity, and another line from the most ventral (C) to the most dorsal point (D) of the glenoid rim. B Height and width of the humeral head measured using established landmarks [26]: the greater tubercle as reference to place the uppermost point (A) at the edge of the smooth articular surface and a perpendicular line was drawn to the lowest (B) point. C The depth of the humeral head measured using established landmarks [26]: the lesser tubercle as reference for the most anterior point (F), from this, a perpendicular line was drawn to the most posterior point (E) of the smooth articular surface. D The inclination angle α was determined in the coronal plane using reference points (green) as described [7, 35]: a line was drawn through the root of the scapular spine to the midpoint of the glenoid cavity, and a second line through the most cranial and caudal points (see A, reference points A and B) of the glenoid rim. Angle γ was measured between the axes of these two lines in caudal direction, and the inclination angle α calculated: α = γ - 90°. E The ante−/retroversion angles β were determined in the transversal plane using reference points (green) as described [13, 35]: a line was drawn through the root of the scapular spine to the midpoint of the glenoid cavity, and a second line through the most posterior and anterior points (see A, reference points C and D) of the glenoid rim. Angle δ was measured between the axes of these two lines in sagittal direction and angle β calculated: β = δ - 90°