Table 1 Characteristics of study participants by osteoporosis status
From: Association between lipid biomarkers and osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study
Variable | No Osteoporosis (n = 411) | Osteoporosis (n = 70) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Female (n, %)b | 224 (54.5) | 65 (92.9) | < 0.001 |
 Age (years) | 61.5 (8.0) | 70.1 (8.4) | < 0.001 |
Anthropometry | |||
 Height (cm) | 162.8 (8.6) | 153.7 (5.8) | < 0.001 |
 Weight (kg) | 68.9 (11.4) | 57.1 (9.3) | < 0.001 |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.0 (3.4) | 24.2 (3.8) | < 0.001 |
Disease diagnosis (n, %)b | |||
 Type 2 diabetes | 317 (76.39) | 40 (60.61) | 0.007 |
 Hypertension | 198 (47.71) | 30 (45.45) | 0.733 |
 Ischemic heart disease | 70 (16.87) | 14 (21.21) | 0.388 |
 Ischemic stroke | 10 (2.41) | 3 (4.55) | 0.320 |
 Osteoarthritis | 6 (1.45) | 1 (1.52) | 0.965 |
Diabetes complication (n, %)b | |||
 Neuropathy | 199 (48.42) | 26 (37.14) | 0.082 |
 Retinopathy | 104 (25.30) | 16 (22.86) | 0.662 |
 Nephropathy | 7 (1.69) | 2 (3.03) | 0.454 |
Diabetes medication (n, %)b | |||
 Insulin | 178 (43.3) | 28 (40.0) | 0.605 |
 Biguanide | 75 (18.3) | 5 (7.1) | 0.027 |
 Sulfonylureas | 27 (6.6) | 6 (8.6) | 0.541 |
 Others | 22 (5.4) | 5 (7.1) | 0.548 |
Antihypertension medication (n, %)b | |||
 Calcium channel blockers | 34 (8.27) | 11 (15.71) | 0.048 |
 Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers | 22 (5.35) | 3 (4.29) | 0.710 |
 Beta-blockers | 9 (2.19) | 2 (2.86) | 0.730 |
 Diuretics | 6 (1.46) | 1 (1.43) | 0.984 |
 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 2 (0.49) | 2 (2.86) | 0.044 |
Lipid biomarker | |||
 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.06 (1.26) | 5.42 (1.35) | 0.028 |
 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.85 (0.86) | 3.04 (0.99) | 0.101 |
 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.14 (0.31) | 1.19 (0.31) | 0.235 |
 Triglyceride (mmol/L)a | 1.57 (1.12, 2.44) | 1.83 (1.27, 3.05) | 0.189 |
Liver function biomarker | |||
 Alanine transaminase (U/L)a | 21.00(15.00, 30.00) | 16.50(11.00, 22.00) | 0.008 |
 Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)a | 18.00(15.00, 23.00) | 17.00(15.00, 22.00) | 0.420 |
 Total protein (g/L) | 71.35 (6.47) | 70.32 (8.17) | 0.242 |
 Albumin (g/L) | 43.10 (4.21) | 41.12 (5.32) | < 0.001 |
 Total bilirubin (µmol/L) | 13.10 (5.54) | 11.51 (5.15) | 0.027 |
 Direct bilirubin (µmol/L)a | 3.25 (2.27, 4.49) | 2.60 (1.90,3.99) | 0.092 |
 Gamma-glutamyltransferase (U/L)a | 27.00 (20.00, 43.00) | 20.00 (15.00, 33.00) | 0.452 |
Bone biochemical marker | |||
 Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 89.75 (28.98) | 108.20 (51.70) | < 0.001 |
 Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.34 (0.13) | 2.31 (0.15) | 0.170 |
 Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.13 (0.20) | 1.12 (0.21) | 0.625 |
Thyroid function biomarker | |||
 Free thyroxine 4 (Ft4)(pmol/L) | 15.94 (3.15) | 16.36 (11.45) | 0.575 |
 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (mIU/L)a | 2.03 (1.23, 3.11) | 1.98 (0.96, 3.74) | 0.881 |
Glucose metabolic biomarker | |||
 Glycated hemoglobin A1c (%) | 8.96 (2.10) | 8.45 (2.25) | 0.112 |
 Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 9.20 (3.76) | 8.63 (5.04) | 0.301 |