Table 3 Meta-analysis and post-hoc sensitivity analysis of physical testing in people with cervicogenic headache and asymptomatic individuals

Cervical ROM

Flexion

Meta-analysis

3

86

105

−4.53 [−15.20, 6.13]

95%

P = 0.40

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

2

68

48

−7.96 [− 19.42,3.49]

94%

P = 0.17

Extension

Meta-analysis

3

86

105

−8.95 [−14.89, −3.01]

75%

P = 0.003*

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

2

68

48

−6.28 [−13.09,0.53]

74%

P = 0.07

Rotation

Meta-analysis

3

86

105

−8.73 [−17.33, −0.14]

92%

P = 0.05

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

2

68

48

−4.54 [−12.37, 3.28]

86%

P = 0.26

Lateral flexion

Meta-analysis

3

86

105

−4.39 [−9.48, 0.70]

83%

P = 0.09

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

2

68

48

−4.71 [−12.53, 3.11]

86%

P = 0.26

Flexion + extension

Meta-analysis

3

79

93

−11.87 [23.14, −0.61]

75%

P = 0.04*

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Rotation (sum of both sides)

Meta-analysis

3

79

93

−11.46 [−24.77, 1.84]

78%

P = 0.09

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Lateral flexion (sum of both sides)

Meta-analysis

3

79

93

−5.06 [−10.12, 0.01]

0%

P = 0.05

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

FRT

Meta-analysis

4

124

70

−17.47 [−20.52, − 14.42]

42%

P < 0.0001*

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

4

124

70

−17.47 [−20.52,-14.42]

42%

P < 0.00001*

JPE

Extension

Meta-analysis

2

45

82

0.41 [−0.51, 1.32]

0%

P = 0.39

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Rotation (both sides)

Meta-analysis

2

45

82

0.13 [−1.33, 1.59]

66%

P = 0.86

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

PPT

C2-C3

Meta-analysis

2

45

42

−0.20 [−0.58, 0.18]

0%

P = 0.30

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

1

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Strength

Extensors

Meta-analysis

2

42

74

−55.78 [−77.56, −34.00]

0%

P < 0.00001*

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Flexors

Meta-analysis

2

42

74

−33.70 [−47.23, −20.16]

0%

P < 0.00001*

Sensitivity analysis (QI> 75%)

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A