Table 4 Summary of evidence of PTEs

Faroug et al

2009

2

P. aeruginosa and MRSA (1/2)

Culture-negative (1/2)

100%

100%

Patients diagnosed with chronic PJI and partial components loosen;

Anagnostakos et al.

2010

12

S. epidermidis and S. aureus (most)

91.6%

91.6%

Patients who had only late, deep septic acetabular cup loosening;

Lee et al.

2013

19

S. aureus and CNS (most)

Culture-negative (4/19)

N.A

89.5%

Patients diagnosed with PJI and well-fixed cementless stems;

Ekpo et al.

2014

19

S. aureus and Streptococcus (most)

MRSA (3/19)

Culture-negative (4/19)

89.5%

89.5%

Patients diagnosed with chronic PJI and well-fixed stems;

Lombardi et al.

2014

7

S. aureus and Streptococcus (5/7)

Culture-negative (2/7)

85.7%

85.7%

(1) Patients diagnosed with possible PJI and well-fixed stems;

(2) Patients with a first-time infected THA in which removal of the femoral component would lead to compromise of proximal femoral bone stock;

(3) Elderly patients with significant co-morbidities who had a well-fixed femoral component and poor proximal bone stock;

(4) A well-fixed femoral component was directly adjacent to an ipsilateral well-fixed TKA femoral component;

Fukui et al.

2016

5

CNS (most)

80.0%

80.0%

Patients diagnosed with PJI and well-fixed stems;

Zhou et al.

2019

26

CNS (9/26)

S. aureus (4/26)

MRSA (4/26)

Others (9/26)

100%

100%

Patients diagnosed with PJI and partial components loosen;

Crawford et al.

2019

41

Staphylococcus (19/41)

MRSA (3/41)

Others (12/41)

Negative (7/41)

80.5%

80.5%

(1) Patients diagnosed with chronic PJI and well-fixed stems;

(2) Removal of the femoral component would lead to significant femoral bone loss and compromise of future fixation;

Shi et al.

2020

14

Staphylococcus (12/14)

E. faecalis (1/14)

E. coli (1/14)

100%

92.9%

(1) Patients diagnosed with chronic PJI and partial components loosen;

(2) Patients in worse health status with high risk of operation;

(3) Patients with a positive culture of pre-operative aspirated synovial fluid with sensitive antibiotics.

Current study

N.A

28

Staphylococcus (18/28)

MRSA (2/28)

Others (2/28)

Negative (6/28)

N.A

85.7%

(1) Patients diagnosed with chronic PJI and well-fixed stems;

(2) Removal of the femoral component would lead to significant femoral bone loss and compromise of future fixation;

(3) Elderly patients in worse health status with high risk of operation;