Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Age (years)

53.63 ± 8.81

53.91 ± 11.60

0.879

Gender (male/female)

31/31

35/30

0.724

BMI (kg/m²)

23.76 ± 2.72

23.02 ± 2.68

0.128

Diagnosis

0.122

 LDH

41

39

 LS

14

10

 LSS

7

16

ASA status (I/II/III)

10/51/1

12/48/5

0.264

Fusion segments (number)

1.68 ± 0.76

1.48 ± 0.66

0.116

Fusion level (s)

0.352

 1 Level

30

40

 2 Level

23

19

 3 Level

8

6

 4 Level

1

0

Fusion site (s)

0.781

 L2-L3

1

3

 L3-L4

14

13

 L4-L5

53

46

 L5-S1

36

34

Preoperative ODI scores

62.93 ± 15.92

62.68 ± 17.70

0.931

Preoperative JOA scores

6.85 ± 3.69

7.06 ± 2.90

0.725

Preoperative VAS scores

6.76 ± 1.13

6.91 ± 1.13

0.456

Operative time (min)

208.08 ± 53.23

204.43 ± 54.23

0.703

Blood loss (ml)

314.52 ± 169.79

287.25 ± 188.34

0.394

Drainage volume (ml)

329.52 ± 229.81

383.75 ± 273.64

0.230