Table 4 Comparison of clinical and radiological data among current smokers, former smokers and non-smokers

Number of patients

40

34

79

Sex (M:F)

Male

24

16

11

Female

16

18

68

Age (years)

50.00 ± 6.08

51.62 ± 7.40

49.52 ± 8.13

Follow-up (months)

52.10 ± 13.95

47.71 ± 14.82

47.65 ± 16.69

T value (spine)

0.24 ± 1.01

0.26 ± 1.19

0.34 ± 0.97

Preoperative outcomes

JOA

10.60 ± 1.03

11.12 ± 1.59

10.80 ± 1.39

NDI

30.50 ± 3.63

30.47 ± 3.86

31.37 ± 3.87

VAS-arm

5.93 ± 1.00

5.44 ± 1.37

5.68 ± 1.20

VAS-neck

5.98 ± 0.83

5.68 ± 1.12

5.90 ± 1.08

Segmental ROM

9.48 ± 5.11

11.25 ± 4.76

10.13 ± 4.51

C2-7 ROM

49.16 ± 13.81

53.44 ± 12.66

48.99 ± 12.16

Involved levels

C3/4

14

10

7

C4/5

38

28

59

C5/6

40

30

76

C6/7

22

14

42

Final outcomes

JOA

15.55 ± 0.81

15.79 ± 1.23

15.76 ± 1.05

NDI

8.48 ± 2.61

7.85 ± 3.09

7.86 ± 2.59

VAS-arm

1.63 ± 0.67

1.44 ± 1.05

1.63 ± 0.89

VAS-neck

1.50 ± 0.51

1.59 ± 0.50

1.48 ± 0.60

Segmental ROM

7.33 ± 3.53

7.58 ± 4.09

8.17 ± 4.04

C2-7 ROM

36.26 ± 10.65

36.70 ± 11.38

37.47 ± 10.89

Heterotopic ossification

24

22

46

Bone loss

22

22

40

Early fusion effect

2.35 ± 0.73

3.20 ± 1.59

3.62 ± 1.41

1-year fusion rate

33

32

76