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Table 3 The measured kinematics of the hips of all participants, stratified by gender

From: Three-dimensional motion analysis of ten common Asian sitting positions in daily living and factors affect range of hip motions

Kinematic data of each

sitting position

Total

Median degrees

(n = 48)

Males

Median (range) degrees

(n = 24)

Females

Median (range) degrees

(n = 24)

P value

Flexion (+) / Extension (−)

 Kneeling plantar-flexed

67.4

67.1 (38.7 to 79.2)

67.4 (44.1 to 86.1)

0.695

 Kneeling dorsi-flexed

51.8

51.9 (29.9 to 60.3)

49.4 (32.4 to 66.7)

0.926

 Benjangkapradit prostration

95.3

89.3 (52.5 to 108.7)

101.6 (88.0 to 114.9)

<  0.001*

 Cross-legged

87.7

87.0 (60.2 to 105.6)

89.7 (73.0 to 105.4)

0.257

 Left-monk

  Left hip

64.6

55.9 (19.0 to 80.5)

70.0 (44.4 to 79.2)

<  0.001*

  Right hip

80.3

81.1 (55.4 to 94.5)

80.2 (63.6 to 93.0)

0.789

 Right-monk

  Left hip

79.1

79.4 (60.1 to 96.6)

79.1 (61.9 to 90.5)

0.433

  Right hip

65.5

58.9 (28.1 to 79.6)

69.4 (45.5 to 79.8)

0.032*

 Squatting

99.7

94.9 (47.3 to 122.0)

102.9 (87.1 to 115.4)

0.003*

 Sitting on a step stool

89.7

88.1 (44.9 to 101.9)

90.9 (74.4 to 101.6)

0.089

 Figure-four

83.3

83.1 (58.5 to 104.5)

83.6 (69.6 to 99.7)

0.984

 Standard leg-cross

80.0

80.8 (58.4 to 96.4)

80.0 (61.5 to 93.3)

0.386

Abduction (+) / Adduction (−)

 Kneeling plantar-flexed

4.3

7.4 (−6.0 to 18.1)

3.5 (−8.4 to 12.9)

0.048*

 Kneeling dorsi-flexed

7.2

7.8 (−1.1 to 20.4)

5.6 (−4.1 to 13.9)

0.070*

 Benjangkapradit prostration

4.0

4.3 (−10.3 to 23.7)

3.6 (−7.8 to 24.9)

0.248

 Cross-legged

28.9

28.9 (9.9 to 45.7)

29.0 (10.4 to 44.3)

0.773

 Left-monk

  Left hip

16.4

23.3 (−1.2 to 55.8)

11.9 (−6.4 to 21.6)

<  0.001*

  Right hip

8.0

10.5 (−5.0 to 30.7)

6.7 (−4.8 to 21.8)

0.105

 Right-monk

  Left hip

7.5

11.9 (−8.5 to 29.4)

4.4 (−7.5 to 14.3)

0.009*

  Right hip

17.5

22.3 (9.2 to 38.9)

13.7 (−8.4 to 30.7)

0.001*

 Squatting

8.1

12.5 (−5.1 to 34.3)

5.2 (−6.5 to 20.6)

0.018*

 Sitting on a step stool

11.5

14.8 (−0.1 to 31.5)

4.3 (−6.0 to 17.8)

<  0.001*

 Figure-four

16.5

16.9 (2.5 to 35.2)

15.8 (10.1 to 28.7)

0.757

 Standard leg-cross

−10.5

−6.9 (−19.9 to 6.0)

−12.5 (−21.7 to 6.7)

0.012*

External rotation (+) / Internal rotation (−)

 Kneeling plantar-flexed

1.5

1.1 (−8.1 to 20.8)

1.8 (−6.3 to 16.6)

0.734

 Kneeling dorsi-flexed

8.8

9.6 (0.4 to 15.9)

6.7 (−8.3 to 22.0)

0.359

 Benjangkapradit prostration

2.4

7.6 (−10.8 to 15.5)

−2.0 (− 18.2 to 12.1)

0.001*

 Cross-legged

62.0

61.2 (37.6 to 73.5)

63.6 (40.7 to 81.7)

0.332

 Left-monk

  Left hip

−37.5

−33.7 (− 51.1 to −5.2)

−40.6 (−54.5 to −24.8)

0.014*

  Right hip

48.3

47.2 (18.7 to 62.5)

50.8 (33.9 to 62.2)

0.034*

 Right-monk

  Left hip

47.7

47.1 (27.7 to 58.3)

49.4 (42.5 to 58.9)

0.101

  Right hip

−37.0

−35.0 (−51.9 to −4.7)

− 37.9 (− 52.3 to −12.0)

0.112

 Squatting

− 5.4

− 5.7 (−24.5 to 7.7)

−3.4 (− 20.0 to 5.8)

0.445

 Sitting on a step stool

−5.3

−6.9 (− 15.9 to 9.3)

− 3.3 (− 11.0 to 6.8)

0.011*

 Figure-four

55.2

53.6 (42.9 to 68.6)

56.9 (35.1 to 75.7)

0.578

 Standard leg-cross

27.0

32.0 (14.9 to 63.7)

25.0 (2.9 to 48.4)

0.059

  1. The P values were for the Mann–Whitney U test.
  2. The asterisk (*) denotes a statistically significant difference between two groups.