Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the German Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-GE)

Klute, Michel; Laekeman, Marjan; Kuss, Katrin; Petzke, Frank; Dieterich, Angela; Leha, Andreas; Neblett, Randy; Ehrhardt, Steffen; Ulma, Joachim; Schäfer, Axel

doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04481-5

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Table 3 Factor analysis - summary of different factor models

From: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the German Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-GE)

CSI-GE item	Factor analysis
	EFA (n = 247)	CFA (n = 310)
	1-factor model	4 factor model TLI 0.99 RMSEA 0.06 (90%-CI: [0.05; 0.07]) x²(269) = 553.09, p < 0.001				1-factor model TLI 0.98 RMSEA 0.08 (90%-CI: [0.07; 0.08]) χ²(275) = 756.39, p < 0.001	bifactor model TLI 0.99 RMSEA 0.05 (90%-CI: [0.04; 0.06]) χ²(250) = 430.6, p < 0.001
	General factor	Physical symptoms	Emotional distress	Headache	Urological symptoms	General factor	General factor	Physical symptoms	Emotional distress	Headache	Urological symptoms
	Cron. α 0.928	Cron. α 0.893	Cron. α 0.785	Cron. α 0.734	Cron. α 0.637	Cron. α 0.928	Cron. α 0.928	Cron. α 0.893	Cron. α 0.785	Cron. α 0.734	Cron. α 0.637
1. I feel unrefreshed when I wake up in the morning	0.669	0.796				0.786	0.777	0.163
2. My muscles feel stiff and achy	0.619	0.791				0.78	0.736	0.364
3. I have anxiety attacks	0.460		0.684			0.636	0.626		0.219
4. I grind or clench my teeth	0.391			0.608		0.493	0.436			0.585
5. I have problems with diarrhea and/or constipation	0.428	0.549				0.54	0.591	−0.251
6. I need help in performing my daily activities	0.477	0.666				0.655	0.618	0.315
7. I am sensitive to bright lights	0.446			0.688		0.563	0.553			0.238
8. I get tired very easily when I am physically active	0.737	0.859				0.848	0.805	0.35
9. I feel pain all over my body	0.634	0.796				0.786	0.737	0.375
10. I have headaches	0.353			0.624		0.513	0.494			0.308
11. I feel discomfort in my bladder and/or burning when I urinate	0.383				0.647	0.541	0.526				0.389^a
12. I do not sleep well	0.565	0.695				0.684	0.685	0.102^a
13. I have difficulty concentrating	0.728		0.861			0.795	0.772		0.487
14. I have skin problems such as dryness, itchiness, or rashes	0.429	0.504				0.496	0.54	−0.229
15. Stress makes my physical symptoms get worse	0.655		0.799			0.741	0.762		0.00822^a
16. I feel sad or depressed	0.563		0.735			0.684	0.668		0.301
17. I have low energy	0.735	0.852				0.839	0.816	0.241
18. I have muscle tension in my neck and shoulders	0,568	0.722				0.712	0.72	0.0584^a
19. I have pain in my jaw	0.434			0.741		0.605	0.552			0.656
20. Certain smells, such as perfumes, make me feel dizzy and nauseated	0.418			0.647		0.536	0.523			0.255
21. I have to urinate frequently	0.403				0.661	0.554	0.544				0.796^a
22. My legs feel uncomfortable and restless when I am trying to go to sleep at night	0.472	0.605				0.593	0.586	0.142^a
23. I have difficulty remembering things	0.529		0.576			0.537	0.482		0.549
24. I suffered trauma as a child	0.268		0.438			0.407	0.406		0.114^a
25. I have pain in my pelvic area	0.470				0.767	0.642	0.652				0.106^a

Abbreviations: EFA exploratory factor analysis, CFA confirmatory factor analysis, n number of cases, Cron. α Cronbach’s alpha, TLI Tucker-Lewis Index, RMSEA root mean square error of approximation, CI confidence interval
Acceptable values for the factor model indicators:
Following Browne and Cudeck (1992) model fit was judged excellent for RMSEA< 0.05, good for RMSEA< 0.08, mediocre for RMSEA< 0.1, and poor for RMSEA> 0.1
Following Schermelleh-Engel et al. (2003) a model fit was judged acceptable for TLI > 0.95 and good for TLI ≥ 0.97
^aThe marked factor loadings were not significant

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