Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants
| Â | EMS | Control | Effect size (r) |
|---|---|---|---|
No. of subjects (men/women) | 12 (5/7) | 10 (4/6) | Â |
Physical characteristics | |||
 Age (years) | 69.0 ± 5.2 | 68.4 ± 3.5 | −0.01 |
 Height (cm) | 159.0 ± 11.9 | 157.1 ± 6.9 | −0.01 |
 Weight (kg) | 55.7 ± 10.6 | 56.0 ± 7.7 | −0.06 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 ± 2.3 | 22.7 ± 2.3 | −0.11 |
Blood biochemistry | |||
 Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.1 ± 9.8 | 97.7 ± 25.4 | −0.04 |
 Insulin (μIU/mL) | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 7.8 ± 7.3 | −0.11 |
 FFA (μEq/L) | 714.0 ± 161.9 | 749.9 ± 265.3 | −0.15 |
 TG (mg/dL) | 105.2 ± 77.4 | 87.2 ± 43.6 | −0.08 |
 HbA1c (%) | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 0.5 | −0.13 |
Skeletal muscle profiles | |||
 IMCL (mmol/kg wet weight) | 15.7 ± 15.7 | 13.6 ± 15.8 | −0.02 |
 EMCL (mmol/kg wet weight) | 28.5 ± 15.6 | 27.5 ± 14.2 | −0.02 |
 MVC during isometric knee extension (Nm) | 71.6 ± 35.7 | 65.5 ± 25.0 | −0.01 |
Physical activity | |||
 Physical activity level (min) | 93.8 ± 17.0 | 113.6 ± 27.2 | −0.39 |
 Physical activity level (MET h) | 4.5 ± 1.0* | 5.7 ± 1.7 | −0.42 |
 Number of steps | 8991.8 ± 1722.7 | 11,123.2 ± 2990.0 | −0.35 |
Dietary intake during the 3 days before 1H-MRS | |||
 Energy (kcal/body weight) | 35.8 ± 9.2 | 36.6 ± 7.3 | −0.14 |
 Carbohydrates (g/body weight) | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | −0.01 |
 Protein (g/body weight) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | −0.08 |
 Fat (g/body weight) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | −0.28 |
Dietary habits | |||
 Energy (kcal/body weight) | 36.8 ± 7.5 | 33.5 ± 7.6 | −0.15 |
 Carbohydrates (g/body weight) | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | −0.17 |
 Protein (g/body weight) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | −0.30 |
 Fat (g/body weight) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | −0.22 |