Table 1 Comparison of outcome measures between pre- and post-HAL exercise training (n = 32)

Outcome measures

Mean ± SD

95% CI

Mean ± SD

95% CI

Effect size

Motor ability

OLST (s)

3.8 ± 6.7

1.13–6.39

6.9 ± 11.5*

2.31–11.4

0.76

10MWT (s)

15.2 ± 8.0

11.9–18.5

14.9 ± 9.1

11.1–18.6

0.06

TUG (s)

20.7 ± 9.3

17.2–24.2

17.7 ± 7.2^†

15.1–20.4

0.96

1MSTS (times)

15.1 ± 6.5

12.7–17.6

18.0 ± 6.0^†

15.7–20.2

0.99

FIM mobility scores

11.0 ± 2.6

10.1–11.9

11.5 ± 2.6

10.5–12.4

0.05

The number of affirmative answers on loco-check

4.6 ± 1.7

4.0–5.2

4.2 ± 1.7*

3.6–4.7

0.71

QOL

EQ5D

0.78 ± 0.11

0.73–0.82

0.80 ± 0.12

0.76–0.85

0.41

EQ VAS

46.4 ± 18.4

39.8–53.0

59.3 ± 22.2*

51.9–67.9

0.53

Pain in locomotive Organs

Lumbar VAS

33.1 ± 31.5

21.8–44.2

24.9 ± 28.6*

14.8–35.1

0.83

Limb VAS

32.4 ± 26.3

23.1–41.8

26.6 ± 22.5

18.6–34.6

0.46