Table 1 Baseline characteristics (n = 1236)

Age (y)

< 50

134 (10.8 %)

50–59

166 (13.4 %)

60–69

289 (23.4 %)

70–79

467 (37.8 %)

≥ 80

180 (14.6 %)

Sex

Men

701 (56.7 %)

Women

535 (43.3 %)

Group

knee

211 (17.1 %)

hip

328 (26.5 %)

neck

174 (14.1 %)

low back

523 (42.3 %)

BMI (kg/m²)

< 18.5

53 (4.3 %)

18.5–24.9

674 (54.5 %)

≥ 25.0

509 (41.2 %)

Hypertension

643 (52.0 %)

Hyperlipidemia

300 (24.3 %)

Diabetes

262 (21.2 %)

Stroke

82 (6.6 %)

Malignancy

146 (11.8 %)

Smoking

523 (42.3 %)