Table 2 Characteristics of the participants

 Age, years, mean (SD)

60.4 (10c.4)

59.4 (10.3)

0.275

 Disease duration, years, median [IQR]

NA

5.5[1.5;13.0]

NA

 BMI, Kg/m², mean (SD)

22.8 (3.6)

22.1 (3.4)

0.031

 Female, n (%)

146 (73.7)

317 (78.3)

0.256

Menopause status of female, n (%)

< 0.001*

 Post-menopause, age > 45

104 (71.2)

186 (58.7)

 Early menopause, age ≤ 45

25 (17.1)

38 (12.0)

 Smoking, ever or current, yes, n (%)

17 (8.6)

36 (8.9)

0.937

 Drinking, ever or current, yes, n (%)

18 (9.1)

18 (4.4)

0.035

 Diabetes mellitus

35 (17.7)

47 (11.6)

0.055

 Hypertension

75 (37.9)

77 (19.0)

< 0.001

 Coronary heart disease

20 (10.1)

20 (4.9)

0.027

 Hyperuricemia

15 (7.6)

43 (10.6)

0.297

 Dyslipidemia

58 (29.3)

56 (13.8)

< 0.001

 Femoral neck necrosis

1 (0.5)

8 (2.0)

0.268

 Osteoporotic fracture

0

20 (4.9)

NA

 Anti-osteoporotic medication

6 (3.0)

29 (7.2)

0.641

 Serum calcium level, mmol /L, mean (SD)

2.4 (0.2)

2.3 (0.1)

< 0.001

 Serum phosphate level, mmol /L, mean (SD)

1.9 (8.1)

1.2 (0.4)

0.272

 Serum creatinine level, μmol /L, mean (SD)

67.2 (32.9)

62.6 (20.5)

0.086

 Serum Uric acid level, μmol /L, mean (SD)

327.9 (101.2)

314.1 (103.9)

0.146

 Serum 25(OH)D3 level, nmol /L, mean (SD)

65.6 (22.1)

76.7 (32.9)

0.006

 Vitamin D insufficiency, yes, n (%)

65 (32.8)

145 (35.8)

0.046*

 Hypovitaminosis D, yes, n (%)

43 (21.7)

118 (29.1)

0.046*