Table 2 Changeable determinants of behaviour, behaviour change methods and corresponding intervention components. Each determinant has been mapped back to the COM-B model of behaviour change. (COM-B refers to capability, opportunity and motivation)

Recognise that increased knee muscle activation will increase load on the joint, potentially exacerbating pain.

Persuasive communication

Making sense of pain

Motivation to engage in re-learning of muscle patterns

Using imagery

Recognise that emotional factors can impact on central sensitisation and affect the pain experience.

Persuasive communication

Making sense of pain

Motivation and opportunity to challenge pain-related beliefs

Using imagery

Consciousness raising

Develop awareness of acute muscular response to pain (e.g. knee bracing) and be able to consciously influence these patterns.

Consciousness raising

Making sense of pain

Capability and opportunity to change muscular responses to pain

Counterconditioning

General relaxation

Bio (Feedback)

Responding differently to pain

Understand the concept of biomechanical compensation and be able to reorganise postural muscle activity in order to minimise knee muscle activation in standing.

Using imagery

General relaxation

Capability and opportunity to change muscular control of posture in standing

Consciousness raising

Postural deconstruction

(Bio)Feedback

Develop the ability to reduce muscular overactivity during functional tasks, such as walking.

Using imagery

Responding differently to pain

Capability and opportunity to change muscular coordination in everyday tasks

Consciousness raising

Functional muscle retraining

Counterconditioning

Bio (Feedback)