Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants (n = 200)
Variables | % (n) | Mean ± SD | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) |  | 24.95 ± 8.75 | 20.00 | 62.00 |
Genders | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Female | 79.00 (158) | |||
 Male | 21.00 (42) | |||
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No primary school | – | |||
 Primary school | 1.50 (3) | |||
 High school | 91.00 (182) | |||
 Bachelor’s degree | 6.00 (12) | |||
 Master’s degree | 1.50 (3) | |||
 Doctoral degree | – | |||
Types of low back pain | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Acute | 52.00 (104) | |||
 Sub-acute | 16.00 (32) | |||
 Chronic | 32.00 (64) | |||
STarT risk group | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Low risk | 80.00 (160) | |||
 Medium risk | 16.00 (32) | |||
 High risk | 4 .00 (8) | |||
VAS (0–100) |  | 3.11 ± 1.57 | 0.40 | 7.40 |
 SBST-TH total score (0–9) |  | 2.42 ± 1.61 | 0 | 9.00 |
 Physical subscore (0–4) |  | 1.17 ± 1.68 | 0 | 4.00 |
 Psychological subscore |  | 1.24 ± 1.11 | 0 | 5.00 |
 RMDQ (0–24) |  | 2.44 ± 2.95 | 0 | 21.00 |
 FABQ total score (0–66) |  | 32.66 ± 11.85 | 1.00 | 57.00 |
 FABQ-PA (0–24) |  | 13.31 ± 4.69 | 0 | 24.00 |
 FABQ-W (0–42) |  | 19.35 ± 8.48 | 0 | 34.00 |
 PCS total score (0–52) |  | 11.21 ± 8.74 | 0 | 40.00 |
 Rumination |  | 4.63 ± 3.69 | 0 | 15.00 |
 Magnification |  | 2.90 ± 2.54 | 0 | 12.00 |
 Helplessness |  | 3.69 ± 3.59 | 0 | 18.00 |
 HADS total score (0–42) |  | 12.65 ± 4.95 | 4.00 | 35.00 |
 Anxiety (0–21) |  | 8.29 ± 2.73 | 1.00 | 19.00 |
 Depression (0–21) |  | 4.36 ± 2.97 | 0 | 16.00 |
 EQ-5D-5L index (0–1) |  | 0.91 ± 0.10 | 0.18 | 1.00 |
 EQ-VAS (0–100) |  | 76.81 ± 14.79 | 25.00 | 100.00 |