Table 3 Association between the functional measurements and intervention group over time using repeated measures analysis of covariancea
Visits | Mean (95% CI)b | P value for intervention by visit interaction | P value for intervention effect at each follow-up visit | Overall intervention effect (95% CI), p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | AEI | |||||
Weight (kg) | Baseline | 92.5 ± 15.5 | 93.8 ± 21.8 | 0.77 | −4.9 (−11.9, 2.1), 0.16 | |
Post-intervention | 94.3 ± 2.4 | 89.3 ± 2.5 | 0.16 | |||
Post-operative | 92.3 ± 2.5 | 87.0 ± 2.6 | 0.16 | |||
SBP | Baseline | 137.9 ± 13.6 | 131.0 ± 20.5 | 0.020 | −6.3 (−15.0, 2.4), 0.15 | |
Post-intervention | 133.8 ± 3.5 | 134.1 ± 3.6 | 0.94 | |||
Post-operative | 141.3 ± 3.6 | 127.9 ± 3.6 | 0.014 | |||
DBP | Baseline | 75.3 ± 10.4 | 72.0 ± 10.4 | 0.026 | −2.7 (−6.6, 1.2), 0.17 | |
Post-intervention | 72.9 ± 1.7 | 73.9 ± 1.8 | 0.69 | |||
Post-operative | 77.6 ± 1.8 | 70.9 ± 1.8 | 0.014 | |||
PP | Baseline | 68.7 ± 11.0 | 65.3 ± 7.7 | 0.59 | −3.6 (−7.4, 0.2), 0.061 | |
Post-intervention | 72.7 ± 1.5 | 69.7 ± 1.6 | 0.18 | |||
Post-operative | 78.3 ± 2.4 | 73.1 ± 2.4 | 0.14 | |||
WOMAC-total | Baseline | 44.9 ± 10.7 | 49.4 ± 14.9 | 0.90 | −11.1 (−15.7, −6.5), < 0.001 | |
Post-intervention | 48.9 ± 1.7 | 37.7 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 | |||
Post-operative | 39.2 ± 3.2 | 28.6 ± 3.3 | < 0.026 | |||
WOMAC-pain | Baseline | 8.6 ± 3.0 | 10.0 ± 3.7 | 0.86 | −2.0 (−3.2, −0.8), 0.002 | |
Post-intervention | 9.3 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 0.5 | 0.0029 | |||
Post-operative | 8.2 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.0654 | |||
WOMAC-Stiffness | Baseline | 4.3 ± 1.3 | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 0.17 | −0.87 (−1.36, − 0.38), 0.001 | |
Post-intervention | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 0.0013 | |||
Post-operative | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 0.1417 | |||
WOMAC- function | Baseline | 32.0 ± 8.2 | 35.0 ± 11.0 | 0.88 | −7.6 (−11.6, −3.6), < 0.001 | |
Post-intervention | 35.0 ± 1.5 | 27.6 ± 1.6 | 0.0003 | |||
Post-operative | 26.8 ± 2.7 | 18.7 ± 2.7 | 0.8764 | |||
SPPB-total | Baseline | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 8.4 ± 2.3 | 0.75 | 0.94 (−0.31, 2.20), 0.14 | |
Post-intervention | 8.7 ± 0.5 | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 0.18 | |||
Post-operative | 7.4 ± 0.5 | 8.5 ± 0.6 | 0.17 | |||
SPPB- balance | Baseline | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 0.35 | 0.04 (−0.49, 0.56), 0.88 | |
Post-intervention | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 0.88 | |||
Post-operative | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 0.55 | |||
SPPB- gait speed | Baseline | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 0.96 | 0.22 (−0.25, 0.69), 0.36 | |
Post-intervention | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 0.37 | |||
Post-operative | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 0.49 | |||
SPPB- chair-stand | Baseline | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 0.99 | 0.70 (0.21, 1.19), 0.006 | |
Post-intervention | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 0.019 | |||
Post-operative | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.094 | |||
MAT-sf | Baseline | 48.0 ± 6.6 | 45.7 ± 5.8 | 0.79 | 4.34 (0.90, 7.79), 0.015 | |
Post-intervention | 44.8 ± 1.2 | 49.0 ± 1.3 | 0.019 | |||
Post-operative | 45.1 ± 2.0 | 50.1 ± 2.0 | 0.090 | |||
GDS-sf | Baseline | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 2.1 | 0.35 | −1.02 (−2.08, 0.04), 0.058 | |
Post-intervention | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 0.043 | |||
Post-operative | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 0.51 | |||
MoCA | Baseline | 26.0 ± 1.8 | 25.5 ± 2.2 | 0.73 | 1.46 (0.46, 2.45), 0.005 | |
Post-intervention | 25.7 ± 0.4 | 27.2 ± 0.4 | 0.008 | |||
Post-operative | 26.2 ± 0.4 | 27.6 ± 0.4 | 0.033 | |||
Log hs-CRP | Baseline | 0.32 ± 0.96 | 0.87 ± 1.46 | 0.34 | −0.25 (−0.69, 0.20), 0.27 | |
Post-intervention | 0.79 ± 0.15 | 0.58 ± 0.15 | 0.35 | |||
Post-operative | 1.80 ± 0.28 | 1.23 ± 0.29 | 0.17 | |||
Log TNF-α | Baseline | 0.33 ± 0.89 | 0.25 ± 0.38 | 0.88 | 0.10 (−0.07, 0.26) 0.25 | |
Post-intervention | 0.19 ± 0.07 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.39 | |||
Post-operative | 0.26 ± 0.07 | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.32 | |||
Log IL-6 | Baseline | 0.77 ± 0.61 | 1.08 ± 0.84 | 0.051 | −0.02 (−0.32, 0.28), 0.90 | |
Post-intervention | 0.94 ± 0.11 | 1.04 ± 0.11 | 0.56 | |||
Post-operative | 1.53 ± 0.12 | 1.31 ± 0.13 | 0.23 | |||