Author, year Country | Study design | Participants, n, age, (female, %)a | Sport | Exposure (tool) | Outcome | Risk of bias assessment (NOS)b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azma, 2014 Iran [32] | Prospective cohort (duration 3 months) | Iranian army soldiers, n = 718, 19.6 years, (0) | Military | GJH (Beighton score ≥ 4/9) | Shoulder dislocation verified by orthopaedist | 9/9, Low |
Cameron, 2013 USA [35] | Prospective cohort (duration 4 years) | Freshmen entering the U.S. Military Academy, n = 714 (1420 shoulders), 18.8 years, (11.8) | Military | Self-reported history of shoulder instability (previous shoulder dislocation or subluxation) using study-specific questions. | Acute shoulder instability verified by orthopaedic surgeons | 8/9, Low |
Caplan, 2007 USA [33] | Cross-sectional | Female collegiate gymnasts, n = 457, N/A, (100) | Elite gymnastics | GJH (Hyperlaxity signs using a study-specific unvalidated questionnaire, ≥ 2/4) | Traumatic shoulder injury, self-reported using a study-specific questionnaire. | 5/10, High |
Chahal, 2010 Canada [22] | Case-control | Skeletally mature individuals < 30 years performing recreational or competitive sporting activities, n = 149, 23.9 years, (26.2) | Recreational or competitive sports activities | GJH (The Hospital Del Mar, ≥ 4/10 males, ≥ 5/10 females) or Shoulder external rotation exceeding 85°. | Acute, first-time, traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation verified by orthopaedic surgeons | 8/9, Low |
Myklebust, 2013 Norway [4] | Cross-sectional | Female handball players of the Norwegian elite league, n = 179, 22 years, (100) | Elite handball | Anterior shoulder instability (apprehension and relocation tests) | Shoulder pain using a modified Fahlström questionnaire. | 6/10, Low |
Saremi, 2016 Iran [34] | Cross-sectional | Athletes having a history of sports activity for at least six months, n = 118, Range 17–37 years, (32.2) | Professional athletes from multiple sports | GJH (Beighton score ≥ 4/9) | Acute shoulder injury according to documents of local branch of national federation of sports medicine. | 6/10, High |