The effects on pain, physical function, and quality of life of quadriceps strengthening exercises combined with Baduanjin qigong in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a quasi-experimental study

Table 2 Comparisons the average score of pain and physical function among the three groups in different time points (n = 128)

Primary outcomes	BL	3rd MFU	6th MFU	Between groups (QSE vs. BDJ vs. CE)						Time × Group
	BL	3rd MFU	6th MFU	BL		3rd MFU		6th MFU
	(Mean ± SD)	(Mean ± SD)	(Mean ± SD)	F	P-value	F	P-value	F	P-value	F	P-value†
WOMAC-pain				0.045	0.956	2.875	0.060	9.071	< 0.001	28.888	< 0.001
QSE(n = 43)	6.91 ± 2.42	5.47 ± 2.20	5.53 ± 2.49
BDJ(n = 41)	6.76 ± 2.42	5.71 ± 2.10	5.46 ± 2.25
CE(n = 44)	6.86 ± 2.24	4.66 ± 2.08	3.68 ± 2.13
WOMAC-physical function				−0.061	0.941	2.746	0.068	5.440	0.005	26.646	< 0.001
QSE(n = 43)	18.91 ± 5.35	16.74 ± 5.07	16.88 ± 6.49
BDJ(n = 41)	18.76 ± 5.06	16.32 ± 5.05	16.00 ± 6.45
CE(n = 44)	19.14 ± 4.77	14.41 ± 4.72	12.59 ± 6.27

† The repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the time by group interaction effects across the 3 time points of the study
WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index, pain (0–20), physical function (0–68), QSE Quadriceps strengthening exercise, BDJ Baduanjin qigong, CE The combined exercise of quadriceps strengthening exercise and Baduanjin qigong, BL Baseline, MFU Month of follow-up, SD Standard deviation; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant

ISSN: 1471-2474