Patterns of pain location in music students: a cluster analysis

Cruder, Cinzia; Barbero, Marco; Soldini, Emiliano; Gleeson, Nigel

doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04046-6

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Table 6 Results of the bivariate analysis

From: Patterns of pain location in music students: a cluster analysis

	Total (n = 340)	Patterns of pain location					Statistical test result
		WP	WSP	RSP	LSP	NBP
		(n = 77)	(n = 57)	(n = 63)	(n = 79)	(n = 64)
Gender
Woman	66%	55%	79%	67%	71%	62%	χ²_{(df, 8)} = 18.05*
Man	33%	44%	18%	33%	29%	38%
Other	1%	1%	3%	0%	0%	0%
Perceived health [SRH]
Excellent	5%	7%	5%	5%	5%	2%	χ²_{(df, 16)} = 28.30*
Very good	22%	27%	11%	33%	14%	23%
Good	51%	45%	65%	40%	52%	56%
Fair	20%	17%	22%	22%	24%	19%
Poor	2%	4%	4%	0%	5%	0%
Disability [PAS-QuickDASH score, 0–100]
Median	31.3	37.5	37.5	34.4	25.0	25.0	χ²_{(df, 4)} = 22.20***
Self-efficacy [PSEQ-2 score, 12–0]
Median	10.0	10.0	9.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	χ²_{(df, 4)} = 17.90**
Psychological distress [K10 score, 0–50]
Median	21.0	21.0	25.0	20.0	22.0	21.0	χ²_{(df, 4)} = 22.60***
Perfectionism [HFMPS-SF – SP sub-scale score, 5–35]
Median	18.0	17.0	20.0	16.5	20.0	19.0	χ²_{(df, 4)} = 13.57**
Instrument [classification]
Elevated both frontal	8%	4%	18%	6%	9%	6%	χ²_{(df, 20)} = 49.53***
Elevated both left	19%	16%	26%	16%	29%	9%
Elevated left	8%	12%	16%	5%	3%	6%
Elevated right	15%	19%	10%	14%	7%	22%
Neutral	39%	45%	25%	49%	37%	36%
Voice	11%	4%	5%	10%	15%	21%
Perceived exertion after 45 min of practice without breaks [0–10]
Median	5.0	5.0	6.0	4.0	4.0	5.0	χ²_{(df, 4)} = 13.99**
Perceived cause attributed to the musical activity
Yes	82%	87%	95%	87%	79%	66%	χ²_{(df, 8)} = 23.66**
No	17%	13%	5%	11%	20%	31%
Don’t know	1%	0%	0%	2%	1%	3%

*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
For categorical variables, the total sample and cluster specific distributions of the variables considered (column percentages) have been reported, as well as the chi-square statistic and its statistical significance level. For continuous variables, the median and the range for each variable has been reported, as well as the chi-square statistic of the Kruskal-Wallis test and its statistical significance level
WP Wrist pain, WSP Widespread pain RSP, right shoulder pain, LSP Both shoulders pain - left concentrated, NBP Neck and back, SRH Self-rated health, PAS-QuickDASH Performing Arts Section of the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Outcome Measure, PSEQ-2 2-item short form of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, K10 Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, HFMPS-SF Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale - short form, SP Socially prescribed
Elevated both frontal: Music students playing musical instruments with both arms elevated in a frontal position (i.e. harp, trombone, and trumpet); Elevated both left: Music students playing musical instruments with both arms elevated in the left quadrant position (i.e. viola, violin); Elevated left: Music students playing musical instruments with only the left arm elevated (i.e. cello, double bass); Elevated right: Music students playing musical instruments with only the right arm elevated (i.e. flute, guitar); Neutral: Music students playing musical instruments in a neutral position, without the elevation of arms (i.e. accordion, bassoon, clarinet, euphonium/tuba; French horn, harpsicord, oboe, organ, percussion, piano, recorder, saxophone)

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ISSN: 1471-2474

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