Table 1 Characteristics of participants, expressed as median (interquartile range), mean (± standard deviation) or n (%)
| Â | Men | Â | Women | Â | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | All | Users | Non-users | p | All | Users | Non-users | p |
|  | n = 926 | n = 17 | n = 909 |  | n = 1070 | n = 20 | n = 1050 |  |
Age (yr) | 60.0 (46.5–73.2) | 66.3 (54.0–84.8) | 59.9 (46.2–73.1) | 0.05 | 51.0 (34.7–65.7) | 52.3 (34.0–65.1) | 51.0 (34.7–65.9) | 0.90 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 (24.7–29.6) | 27.8 (24.6–34.9) | 27.1 (24.7–49.9) | 0.93 | 26.3 (23.4–30.9) | 27.5 (22.3–40.3) | 26.2 (23.4–55.0) | 0.98 |
Smoking (current) | 104 (11.3%) | 3 (17.7%) | 101 (11.2%) | 0.40 | 153 (14.3%) | 3 (15.0%) | 150 (14.3%) | 0.93 |
Physical activity (active) | 659 (71.5%) | 7 (41.2%) | 652 (72.0%) | 0.005 | 835 (78.1%) | 11 (55.0%) | 824 (78.6%) | 0.01 |
Calcium intake (mg/day) | 882 (689.0–1136.2) | 899 (596.0–1132.5) | 880 (689.3–1136.3) | 1.000 | 864 (659.4–1091.0) | 976 (785.9–1206.5) | 864 (659.0–1089.2) | 0.16 |
Alcohol use (g/day) | 12.0 (2.1–28.8) | 0.4 (0.0–7.9) | 12.6 (2.3–29.4) | < 0.001 | 2.7 (0.3–12.0) | 0.7 (0.0–7.5) | 2.8 (0.3–12.2) | 0.07 |
Medication (current) | ||||||||
 Glucocorticoids | 10 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (1.1%) | – | 16 (1.5%) | 1 (5.0%) | 15 (1.4%) | 0.26 |
 Thyroid-affecting medications | 10 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (1.1%) | – | 47 (4.4%) | 1 (5.0%) | 46 (4.4%) | 0.60 |
 Agents affecting calcium | 15 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (1.7%) | – | 40 (3.7%) | 3 (15.0%) | 37 (3.5%) | 0.04 |
Socioeconomic status | Â | Â | Â | 0.67 | Â | Â | Â | 0.36 |
 Quintile 1 (lowest) | 150 (16.2%) | 1 (5.9%) | 149 (16.4%) |  | 170 (16.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | 168 (16.1%) |  |
 Quintile 2 | 186 (20.1%) | 4 (23.5%) | 182 (20.0%) |  | 224 (21.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | 222 (21.2%) |  |
 Quintile 3 | 178 (19.2%) | 5 (29.4%) | 173 (19.0%) |  | 243 (22.8%) | 7 (35.0%) | 236 (22.6%) |  |
 Quintile 4 | 203 (21.9%) | 4 (23.5%) | 199 (21.9%) |  | 211 (19.8%) | 6 (30.0%) | 205 (19.6%) |  |
 Quintile 5 | 209 (22.6%) | 3 (17.7%) | 206 (22.7%) |  | 218 (20.5%) | 3 (15.0%) | 215 (20.6%) |  |
Prior adult fracture | 269 (29.1%) | 9 (52.9%) | 260 (28.6%) | 0.03 | 82 (7.7%) | 5 (25.0%) | 77 (7.3%) | 0.003 |
BMD (g/cm2) | ||||||||
 Spine | 1.293 ± 0.198 | 1.258 ± 0.277 | 1.294 ± 0.197 | 0.47 | 1.209 ± 0.188 | 1.172 ± 0.223 | 1.210 ± 0.187 | 0.39 |
 Hip | 0.980 ± 0.137 | 0.928 ± 0.143 | 1.066 ± 0.142 | < 0.001 | 0.941 ± 0.166 | 0.803 ± 0.142 | 0.853 ± 0.161 | 0.12 |
Osteoporosis (current) | 29 (8.2%) | 3 (25.0%) | 26 (7.6%) | 0.07 | 74 (7.0%) | 3 (15.0%) | 71 (6.8%) | 0.16 |
QUS | ||||||||
 SOS (m/sec) | 1572.1 ± 41.4 | 1540.0 ± 57.0 | 1572.7 ± 40.9 | 0.003 | 1571.1 ± 39.0 | 1562.9 ± 38.8 | 1571.2 ± 39.0 | 0.42 |
 BUA (dB/MHz) | 120.4 ± 16.0 | 106.5 ± 17.6 | 120.7 ± 15.9 | 0.001 | 111.0 ± 16.4 | 103.9 ± 21.0 | 111.1 ± 16.3 | 0.09 |
 SI (%) | 99.8 ± 20.5 | 84.4 ± 26.9 | 100.1 ± 20.2 | 0.003 | 94.7 ± 20.7 | 91.8 ± 28.5 | 94.7 ± 20.5 | 0.57 |