Given name of trial | Country | Number of participants | Grouping of treatments | Interventions tested |
---|---|---|---|---|
Witt [16] | Germany | 3093 | Passive physical | Acupuncture |
Control | Usual/GP care control | |||
UK BEAM [17] | United Kingdom | 1334 | Active physical | Exercise |
Passive physical | Manipulation | |||
Combination | Combination (exercise + manipulation) | |||
Control | Usual/GP care control | |||
Haake [18] | Germany | 1163 | Passive physical | Acupuncture |
Control | Usual/GP care control | |||
Sham control | Sham acupuncture | |||
BeST [19] | United Kingdom | 701 | Psychological | Psychological plus exercise/activities |
Control | Usual/GP care control | |||
Keele [20] | United Kingdom | 402 | Passive physical | Manipulation |
Psychological | Psychological | |||
Brinkhaus [21] | Germany | 298 | Passive physical | Acupuncture |
Control | Usual/GP care control | |||
Sham control | Sham acupuncture | |||
Dufour [22] | Denmark | 286 | Passive physical | Individual physiotherapy |
Active physical | Exercise | |||
Pengel [23] | Australia | 260 | Active physical | Exercise |
Psychological | Advice/education | |||
Combination | Combination (exercise + education) | |||
Sham control | Sham electrotherapy + education | |||
YACBAC [24] | United Kingdom | 241 | Passive physical | Acupuncture |
Control | Usual/GP care control | |||
Hancock [25] | Australia | 240 | Passive physical | Manipulation |
Sham control | Sham electrotherapy | |||
Von Korff BIA [26] | United States of America | 240 | Psychological | Psychological |
Control | Usual/GP care control | |||
HullExPro [27] | United Kingdom | 237 | Passive physical | Individual physiotherapy |
Active physical | Exercise | |||
Von Korff SC2 [28] | United States of America | 226 | Psychological | Psychological |
Control | Usual/GP care control | |||
Smeets [29] | The Netherlands | 223 | Active physical | Exercise |
Active physical | Graded activity | |||
Combination | Combination (education + graded activity) | |||
Control | Usual/GP care control | |||
Cecchi [30] | Italy | 210 | Passive physical | Individual physiotherapy |
Passive physical | Manipulation | |||
Psychological | Advice/education | |||
York BP [31] | United Kingdom | 187 | Active physical | Exercise |
Control | Usual/GP care control | |||
Macedo [32] | Australia | 172 | Psychological | Advice/education |
Active physical | Graded activity | |||
Carlsson [33] | Sweden | 50 | Passive physical | Acupuncture |
Sham control | Sham TENS | |||
Kennedy [34] | United Kingdom | 48 | Passive physical | Acupuncture |
Sham control | Sham TENS |