Fig. 1

Fabrication of the additive-manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V (Ti alloy)/polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite porous cage. a Surface modification through laser grooving and plasma spraying makes the interfacial layer thicker than 300 μm. b Finished product of the Ti alloy/PEEK composite porous cage. c Shear strength of the bonding interface between the metallic layer and PEEK substrate exceeded 30 MPa. d Schematic of the porous structure with inset. e Schematic of the interporous distance. f Results of the mechanical compression test on the composite porous cage. g Results of the mechanical torsion test on the composite porous cage