Functional improvement in hip pathology is related to improvement in anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing: an intricate link between physical and mental well-being

Table 4 Change in mean levels of pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, and function from pre- to post-treatment for patients with adverse hip conditions

	N	Pretreatment	Posttreatment	Δ_M
	N	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)	p-value
Outcome
PCS Total	201	15.94 (12.73)	8.26 (10.57)	−7.67 (11.70)	< 0.0001
VAS Pain	201	5.21 (2.35)	2.51 (2.50)	−2.70 (3.11)	< 0.0001
HADS Depression	201	5.42 (3.72)	3.83 (3.61)	−1.59 (3.96)	< 0.0001
HADS Anxiety	201	5.43 (3.02)	3.90 (4.07)	−1.53 (4.11)	< 0.0001
HOS Function	201	1.91 (0.68)	2.70 (0.81)	0.79 (1.03)	< 0.0001
HOOS ADL	201	46.45 (17.40)	65.23 (15.76)	18.77 (21.39)	< 0.0001
HOOS Symptoms	201	41.04 (19.88)	64.04 (17.79)	23.00 (26.12)	< 0.0001
HOOS Stiffness	201	38.95 (20.45)	58.65 (19.43)	19.70 (26.92)	< 0.0001
HOOS Sport	201	30.43 (22.94)	50.26 (25.20)	19.83 (32.51)	< 0.0001
HOOS QoL	201	20.98 (17.47)	49.18 (24.04)	28.20 (28.52)	< 0.0001

Note. M = Sample Mean; SD=Standard Deviation; Δ_M = Mean change in outcome. Change was operationally defined as post minus pre level. p-value (two-tailed) = Dependent samples t-test was used to test for differences in sample means from pre- to post-treatment. FDR values were all 0.0001
PCS Pain Catastrophizing Scale, VAS Visual Analogue Pain Scale, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HOS Hip Outcome Survey, HOOS Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score

ISSN: 1471-2474