Table 4 Result with respect to the monotonicity assumption and GRM-model fit at the item level, GRM-model item parameters, and measurement invariance of the DF-PROMIS-UE v2.0 bank

PFA14r1^ab

Are you able to carry a heavy object (over 10 pounds/5 kg)?

0.591

0.181

1.862

−0.613

−0.227

0.415

1.054

PFA16r1

Are you able to dress yourself, including tying shoelaces and buttoning your clothes?

0.639

0.021

2.780

−1.757

−1.097

− 0.397

0.444

PFA17

Are you able to reach into a high cupboard?

0.550

0.677

1.670

− 1.156

−0.587

−0.046

0.657

UD

0.118

PFA18

Are you able to use a hammer to pound a nail?

0.656

0.451

3.027

−0.768

−0.421

− 0.059

0.361

PFA20

Are you able to cut your food using eating utensils?

0.642

0.003

3.028

−1.553

−0.985

−0.376

0.172

UD

0.032

PFA28

Are you able to open a can with a hand can opener?

0.679

0.063

3.404

−0.738

−0.431

− 0.111

0.463

UD

0.027

PFA29r1

Are you able to pull heavy objects (10 pounds/5 kg) towards yourself?

0.629

0.363

2.266

−1.068

−0.534

−0.066

0.771

PFA34^ab

Are you able to wash your back?

0.604

0.353

1.989

−0.906

− 0.343

0.249

1.077

UD

0.028

PFA35

Are you able to open and close a zipper?

0.606

0.247

2.572

−2.203

−1.347

−0.704

0.099

PFA36^ab

Are you able to put on and take off a coat or jacket?

0.579

0.408

1.968

−2.736

−1.438

−0.495

0.604

UD

0.043

PFA38

Are you able to dry your back with a towel?

0.622

0.596

2.378

−1.488

−0.923

−0.181

0.682

UD

0.028

PFA40

Are you able to turn a key in a lock?

0.611

0.729

2.545

−1.992

−1.446

−0.922

−0.342

PFA43r1

Are you able to write with a pen or pencil?

0.592

0.242

2.345

−1.857

−1.371

−0.843

−0.401

PFA44

Are you able to put on a shirt or blouse?

0.606

0.4822

2.222

−2.361

−1.439

−0.624

0.473

PFA48

Are you able to peel fruit?

0.634

0.149

2.983

−1.187

−0.877

− 0.491

0.058

UD

0.050

UD

0.027

PFA50

Are you able to brush your teeth?

0.612

0.211

2.310

−2.416

−2.001

−1.292

−0.614

PFA54

Are you able to button your shirt?

0.630

0.140

2.783

−1.871

−1.330

−0.730

0.084

UD

0.023

UD

0.020

UD

0.023

PFB11

Are you able to wash dishes, pots, and utensils by hand while standing at a sink?

0.638

0.251

2.928

−1.421

−0.825

−0.375

0.303

PFB13^ab

Are you able to carry a shopping bag or briefcase?

0.593

0.010

1.926

−1.262

−0.808

−0.126

0.580

UD

0.027

PFB15r1

Are you able to change the bulb in a table lamp?

0.641

0.768

3.067

−1.280

−1.012

−0.571

−0.001

PFB16r1

Are you able to press with your index finger (for example ringing a doorbell)?

0.596

0.071

2.165

−2.651

−2.110

−1.510

−0.950

UD

0.025

PFB18

Are you able to shave your face or apply makeup?

0.645

0.377

3.073

−1.810

− 1.411

− 0.841

− 0.101

PFB19r1

Are you able to squeeze a new tube of toothpaste?

0.663

0.518

3.177

−2.142

−1.667

−1.055

−0.410

PFB20r1

Are you able to cut a piece of paper with scissors?

0.651

0.071

3.313

−1.624

−1.229

−0.844

− 0.310

UD

0.021

PFB21r1

Are you able to pick up coins from a table top?

0.603

0.013

2.164

−2.350

−1.916

−1.389

−0.677

UD

0.043

PFB22

Are you able to hold a plate full of food?

0.662

0.489

2.965

−1.488

− 1.153

−0.639

0.103

PFB23r1^b

Are you able to poor liquid from a bottle into a glass?

0.661

0.002

3.046

−1.692

−1.373

−0.798

−0.151

PFB25

Are you able to push open a door after turning the knob?

0.593

0.257

2.157

−2.353

−1.524

−0.966

− 0.182

PFB26

Are you able to shampoo your hair?

0.644

0.331

2.907

−1.470

−1.009

− 0.496

0.287

PFB27

Are you able to tie a knot or a bow?

0.640

0.015

3.027

−1.429

−0.959

−0.570

0.042

UD

0.056

UD

0.031

PFB28r1^a

Are you able to lift 10 pounds (5 kg) above your shoulder?

0.639

0.081

2.040

−0.198

0.224

0.670

1.350

UD

0.062

PFB30

Are you able to open a new milk carton?

0.675

0.035

3.590

−1.449

−0.990

−0.520

0.100

PFB31r1

Are you able to open car doors?

0.654

0.181

2.906

−1.773

−1.330

−0.798

−0.181

PFB33

Are you able to remove something from your back pocket?

0.577

0.478

2.045

−1.626

−1.104

−0.576

0.209

PFB34^ab

Are you able to change a light bulb overhead?

0.638

0.311

2.357

−0.717

−0.357

0.079

0.824

UD

0.052

PFB36

Are you able to put on a pullover sweater?

0.595

0.475

2.061

−2.009

−1.148

−0.265

0.618

UD

0.058

PFB37r1

Are you able to reach and get down a 5 pound (2 kg) object from above your head?

0.660

0.724

3.125

−1.980

− 1.547

−0.978

0.348

PFB39r1

Are you able to reach and get down a 5 pound (2 kg) object from above your head?

0.626

0.605

2.218

−0.886

−0.533

− 0.055

0.705

UD

0.022

UD

0.030

PFB41

Are you able to trim your fingernails?

0.586

0.595

2.352

−1.487

−1.091

−0.547

0.001

UD

0.038

PFB56r1

Are you able to lift one pound (0.5 kg) to shoulder level without bending your elbow?

0.563

0.250

1.816

−1.004

−0.604

−0.191

0.508

UD

0.041

PFC43

Are you able to use your hands, suchs as for turning faucets, using kitchen gadgets, or sewing?

0.619

0.045

2.853

−1.755

−1.243

−0.713

−0.069

UD

0.232

UD

0.024

PFC49

Are you able to water a house plant?

0.662

0.016

3.091

−1.807

−1.431

−1.056

−0.463

UD

0.028

UD

0.022

PFM2^b

Are you able to lift a heavy painting or picture to hang on your wall above eye-level?

0.684

0.720

2.786

−0.431

−0.083

0.377

1.208

NUD

0.021

PFM16^ab

Are you able to pass a 20-pound (10 kg) turkey or ham to other people at the table?

0.697

0.275

2.698

−0.212

0.176

0.677

1.469

PFM18^b

Are you able to continuously swing a baseball bat or tennis racket back and forth for 5 min?

0.624

0.131

1.941

−0.339

0.091

0.553

1.239

UD

0.028

PFC8

Does your health now limit you in opening a previously opened jar?

0.617

0.203

2.460

−1.903

0.999

−0.365

0.391