Table 1 The material properties of spinal components
Element set | Young modulus (MPa) | Poisson ratio | CSA (mm2) |
|---|---|---|---|
Vertebral cortical bone | 12,000 | 0.3 | / |
Vertebral cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 | / |
Posterior bone | 3500 | 0.25 | / |
Endplate | 1000 | 0.4 | / |
Arthrodial cartilage | 24 | 0.4 | Â |
Nuclear pulposus | Hyperelastic (Mooney–Rivlin) c1 = 0.12, c2 = 0.09 | 0.499 | / |
Annulus fibers: | |||
 Outermost | 550 | 0.3 | 0.76 |
 Second | 495 | 0.3 | 0.5928 |
 Third | 412.5 | 0.3 | 0.4712 |
 Innermost | 357.5 | 0.3 | 0.3572 |
 Annulus substance | Hyperelastic (Mooney–Rivlin) c1 = 0.56, c2 = 0.14 | 0.45 | / |
Ligaments | |||
 ALL | 12.8 | 0.3 | 63.7 |
 PLL | 10 | 0.3 | 20 |
 LF | 10 | 0.3 | 40 |
 SSL | 2.8 | 0.3 | 25 |
 ISL | 2.8 | 0.3 | 30 |
 ITL | 10 | 0.3 | 25 |
 FCL | 8 | 0.3 | 30 |