Table 4 Scores of the patient-based questionnaires before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months following surgery. Abbreviations: JOABPEQ, Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; RDQ, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; VAS, visual analog scale

34.3 ± 30.2

56.5 ± 40.5*

71.0 ± 34.9*

61.6 ± 36.8*

67.7 ± 36.0*

46.8 ± 29.7

50.7 ± 29.4

58.3 ± 28.6*

55.9 ± 32.5*

63.4 ± 30.9*

20.5 ± 20.3

42.1 ± 27.1*

46.4 ± 30.2*

45.9 ± 33.0*

45.9 ± 30.2*

34.5 ± 17.8

44.9 ± 22.0*

46.2 ± 20.4*

45.1 ± 23.8*

49.8 ± 22.9*

38.0 ± 19.6

48.2 ± 17.6*

48.3 ± 15.9*

45.6 ± 18.2*

47.0 ± 14.7*

51.6 ± 16.2

35.8 ± 17.0*

36.4 ± 19.4*

37.0 ± 20.8*

31.4 ± 19.5*

13.8 ± 4.6

9.8 ± 5.7*

9.1 ± 7.1*

9.5 ± 7.0*

8.1 ± 5.9*

7.3 ± 2.4

3.7 ± 3.3*

2.9 ± 3.0*

3.0 ± 2.7*

3.7 ± 3.2*

7.4 ± 2.6

3.5 ± 3.4*

3.1 ± 3.0*

3.2 ± 3.3*

3.2 ± 3.4*

7.2 ± 2.6

3.2 ± 3.1*

3.6 ± 3.4*

3.8 ± 3.4*

4.5 ± 3.4*