1st Author Year Country | Study design Year of study (baseline) | Sample size n invited (n at baseline [%]) {n analysed}a | Age (yrs) and sexa mean [SD], age category n [%], quartile Q2 [Q1, Q3] (♀ n [%]) | Method for assessing prevalence of persistent LBP and co-occurring musculoskeletal pain | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General population | |||||
 Jiménez-Trujillo 2019 [37] Spain | Cross-sectional (2014) | approx. 37500b (22,321 [59.5]b) {5189} | ♀ 18 to 34; 203 [6.3]c 35 to 54; 888 [27.3]c 55 to 74; 1265 [38.9]c ≥75; 894 [27.5]c | ♂ 18 to 34; 133 [6.9]c 35 to 54; 723 [37.3]c 55 to 74; 745 [38.4]c ≥75; 338 [17.4]c | Questionnaire and Interview (EHISS) |
(3250 [62.6]) | |||||
 Fujii 2018 [34] Japan | Cross-sectional (2015) | 270,000 (52,353 [19.4]) {3100} | 44.5 [11.2] (1483 [48.0]) |  | Questionnaire (own) |
 Takahashi 2018 [47] Japan | Cross-sectional (2011 to 2012) | 34,802 (14,364 [41.3]) {1378}d | ♀ < 50; 101 [15.1]c 50 to 59; 158 [23.6]c 60 to 69; 263 [39.3]c ≥70; 147 [22.0]c | ♂ < 50; 128 [18.0]c 50 to 59; 172 [24.3]c 60 to 69; 287 [40.5]c ≥70; 122 [17.2]c | Questionnaire (own) |
(669 [48.5]) | Â | ||||
 Nordstoga 2017 [43] Norway | Prospective cohort (1995 to 1997) | 93,898 (65,237 [69.5]) {7523} | 50.3 [12.0]b (4484 [59.6]) | Questionnaire (adapted SNQ) | |
 Kamada 2014 [38] Japan | Cross-sectional (2009) | 6000 (4559 [76.0]) {605} | 62.8 [10.6] (303 [50.1]) | Questionnaire (modified KNEST) | |
 Di lorio 2007 [32] Italy | Cross-sectional (1998) | 1270 (958 [75.4]) {306} | 74,5 [6,6] (209 [68.3]) | Interview (own) Physical examination (including SPPB) | |
 Weiner 2003 [48] USA | Cross-sectional (1997 to 1998) | 3075 (2766 [90.1]) {208} | 73.5 [2.9] (134a [64.4]) | Questionnaire (own) Physical examination (EPESE, Health ABC functional capacity scale) | |
 Natvig 2001 [42] Norway | Cross-sectional (1994) | 4577a (2893 [63.2]) {531}e | 43.1 [14.1]e (334 [62.9]) | Questionnaire (SNQ) | |
 Kjellman 2001 [39] Sweden | Retrospective cohort (1985) | 213 (213 [100]) {100} | 40.4 [2.9] (NR) | Questionnaire or Interview (own + diagnostic codes) | |
 Hoddevik 1999 [36] Norway | Cross-sectional (1994 to 1997) | 106,244 (67,338 [63.4]) {6422} | 40 to 42 yrs (3865 [60.2]) | Questionnaire and Interview (own) | |
Working population | |||||
 Andersen 2013 [30] Denmark | Prospective cohort (2004 to 2005) | 12,744 (9949 [78.1]) {1089} | 47.0 [8] (1089 [100]) | Questionnaire (SNQ) | |
 Parot-Schinkel 2013 [45] France | Cross-sectional (2002 to 2005) | NR (3710 [approx. 90]) {616} | NR (for target population 38.4 [10.4]) (264 [42.9]) | Questionnaire (French version of SNQ) | |
Clinical population | |||||
 Rundell 2019 [46] USA | Prospective cohort (2011 to 2013) | 13376b (5239 [39.2]c) {899} | 74.0 [6.7] (613 [68.0]) | Interview (own + diagnostic codes) | |
 Herman 2018 [35] USA | Cross-sectional (2016 to 2017) | 6342 (2024 [31.9]c) {1129}c | NR (NR) | Questionnaire (own) | |
 MacLellan 2017 [40] Irland | Retrospective cohort (2011 to 2015) | 915 (915 [100]) {416} | 44.6 [12.2] (NR) | Interview (own) Physical examination (5 physical performance tests) | |
 Panagopoulos 2014 [44] Denmark | Prospective cohort (2011 to 2012) | 5791 (2974 [51.4]) {2974} | 51.0 [15] (1546 [52.0]) | Questionnaire (own) | |
 Elfving 2009 [33] Sweden | Prospective cohort (NR) | 362 (312 [86.2]) {265} | 43.0 [NR] (NR) | Questionnaire (own) | |
 Manchikanti 2003 [41] USA | Cross-sectional (NR) | 378 (378 [100]) {300} | LBP only: 52.0 [1.3] (83 [55.0]) | LBP + NP or TSP: 44.0 [1.1] (104 [69.0]) | Interview (own) Physical examination (diagnostic blocks) |
 Davies 1998 [31] UK | Retrospective cohort (1989 to 1992) | 5279 (5279 [100]) {2007} | 52.0 [41, 65] 3176 [60.2]c |  | Interview (own recorded on data form incl. 9 body sites from IASP Subcommittee on Taxonomy, 1986) |