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Table 3 Factors associated with the incidence of mild to severe depression at 24 months amongst participants without depression at baseline (N = 249)

From: Depression in patients with knee osteoarthritis: risk factors and associations with joint symptoms

 

Univariable

Multivariablea

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

Age (years)

0.98 (0.94, 1.03)

1.00 (0.95, 1.04)

Female sex (n, %)

2.47 (1.19, 5.13)

2.51 (1.17, 5.37)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

1.00 (0.92, 1.09)

1.01 (0.93, 1.09)

Education

 School only (n, %)

Reference

Reference

 High school (n, %)

0.82 (0.23, 2.88)

0.68 (0.20, 2.27)

 University or higher (n, %)

0.75 (0.24, 2.34)

0.68 (0.23, 1.98)

Work status

 Full-time employed (n, %)

Reference

Reference

 Part-time/causal employment (n, %)

0.85 (0.29, 2.55)

0.74 (0.25, 2.18)

 Unemployed/home duties/retired (n, %)

1.22 (0.53, 2.81)

1.40 (0.54, 3.67)

Work type

 Manual (n, %)

Reference

Reference

 Office/professional (n, %)

0.83 (0.40, 1.72)

0.68 (0.33, 1.38)

WOMAC score/ 10 unit

 Pain (0–50)

1.05 (1.01, 1.09)

1.05 (1.02, 1.09)

 Function (0–170)

1.01 (1.01, 1.03)

1.02 (1.01, 1.03)

 Stiffness (0–20)

1.03 (0.95, 1.12)

1.03 (0.95, 1.11)

Multi-site joint pain, (n, %)

 No pain

Reference

Reference

 One site

1.43 (0.68, 3.01)

1.22 (0.58, 2.57)

 More than one site

2.73 (0.91, 8.22)

3.55 (1.31, 9.58)

Comorbidity, (n, %)

 No comorbidity

Reference

Reference

 One comorbidity

1.02 (0.50, 2.08)

1.13 (0.54, 2.38)

 More than one comorbidity

1.51 (0.23, 9.83)

1.34 (0.21, 8.66)

  1. a All multivariable analyses were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, baseline 25-(OH)D level, and intervention, except for age (adjusted for sex, BMI baseline 25-(OH)D level and intervention), sex (adjusted for age, BMI, baseline 25-(OH)D level and intervention) and BMI (adjusted for age, sex, baseline 25-(OH)D level and intervention)
  2. Mild to severe depression was defined as PHQ-9 scores ≥5