Table 1 Characteristics of study participantsa
|  | All (n = 1122) | Men (n = 426) | Women (n = 696) | P valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y c | 54.2 ± 15.4 | 52.6 ± 15.5 | 55.3 ± 15.3 | 0.003* |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.7 ± 3.4 | 23.6 ± 3.1 | 22.2 ± 3.4 | < 0.001* |
Highest level of education, n (%) | ||||
 Primary school | 6 (0.5) | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.1) |  |
 Middle school | 208 (18.5) | 69 (16.2) | 139 (20.0) |  |
 High school | 602 (53.7) | 249 (58.5) | 353 (50.7) |  |
 Junior college or vocational school | 214 (19.1) | 58 (13.6) | 156 (22.4) |  |
 Graduate degree | 83 (7.4) | 45 (10.5) | 38 (5.5) |  |
 Other | 9 (8.0) | 2 (0.5) | 7 (1.1) |  |
Lifestyle and medical history, n (%)d | ||||
 Working | 1082 (96.4) | 395 (92.7) | 687 (98.7) | < 0.001# |
 Smokes | 129 (11.5) | 40 (9.3) | 89 (12.8) | 0.474 |
 Uses alcohol | 481 (42.9) | 290 (68.1) | 191 (27.4) | < 0.001# |
 Diabetes | 58 (5.2) | 30 (7) | 28 (4) | 0.047# |
 Hypertension | 282 (25.1) | 98 (23) | 184 (26.4) | 0.436 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 145 (12.9) | 37 (8.7) | 108 (15.5) | 0.004# |
 Depression | 5 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 5 (0.7) | 0.163 |
 Antidiabetic medication | 56 (5.0) | 30 (7) | 26 (3.7) | 0.011# |
 Antihypertensive medication | 277 (24.7) | 96 (22.5) | 181 (26) | 0.108 |
 Lipid-lowering medication | 141 (12.6) | 36 (8.5) | 105 (15.1) | 0.001# |
 Analgesic medication | 44 (3.9) | 12 (2.8) | 32 (4.6) | 0.091 |
 Sleeping pills medications | 37 (3.3) | 7 (1.6) | 30 (4.3) | 0.015# |