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Table 2 Femur shaft fractures diagnosed among infants born in Sweden 1997 to 2014, birth-related (n = 45) or later (n = 287), by maternal, birth, and child characteristics, accidents, and other diagnoses

From: The epidemiology of infant shaft fractures of femur or humerus by incidence, birth, accidents, and other causes

 

Population (n = 908,324)

Femur shaft fracture

Birth-related (n = 45)

Later Age (months)

< 6 (n = 102)

6 to 12 (n = 185)

n (%)

n (%)

p value*

n (%)

p value*

n (%)

p value*

Mother

 Obesity

302,613 (37)

16a (46)

.299

38 (43)

.324

75 (45)

.036

 Preeclampsia

28,706 (3.2)

1 (2)

1.0

7 (7)

.043

10 (5)

.089

Birth

 Dystocic labor

107,225 (11.8)

4 (9)

.816

10 (10)

.646

18 (10)

.423

 Shoulder dystocia

2005 (0.2)

2 (4)

.005

0

 

0

 

 Cesarean section

161,554 (18)

34 (74)

.000

30 (29)

.003

32 (17)

.915

 Vacuum

62,099 (6.8)

4 (9)

.775

7 (7)

1.0

18 (10)

.267

 Forceps

2473 (0.3)

0

 

1 (1)

.243

0

 

Child

 Boy

469,344 (52)

27 (60)

.333

55 (54)

.723

86 (47)

.181

 Multiple birth

26,639 (2.9)

9 (20)

.000

11 (11)

.000

10 (5)

.074

 Breech

33,998 (3.3)

31 (76)

.000

10 (10)

.005

5 (3)

.564

 Preterm

56,521 (6.2)

11 (25)

.008

18 (18)

.000

12 (7)

.878

 SGAb (< 10th percentile)

94,217 (10.4)

15 (36)

.000

21 (21)

.003

29 (16)

.018

 SGAb (<  2.5th percentile)

20,561 (2.3)

4 (12)

.008

6 (7)

.020

5 (3)

.610

 LGAc (>  2.5th percentile)

32,172 (3.7)

1 (3)

1.0

2 (2)

.776

6 (3)

1.0

 Birth weight > 4000 g

169,517 (19)

5 (11)

.251

9 (9)

.013

33 (18)

.843

 Injury of brachial plexus

1969 (0.1)

1 (2)

.093

0

 

0

 

Other diagnosis during infancy

 Osteogenesis imperfecta

70 (0.004)d

2 (4)

.000

5 (5)

.000

8e (4)

.000

 Rickets or VDDf

259 (0.01)d

0

 

2 (2)

.000

1 (0.5)

.000

 Maltreatment

1347 (0.07)d

0

 

21g (20)

.000

6 (3)h

.000

  1. * Fisher’s test
  2. aMissing (n = 10), bSmall-for-gestational age, cLarge-for-gestational age, dPer 1,855,267, eEntry in the Register of Children and Young Persons Subjected to Child Welfare Measures (n = 1) in connection with the fracture and OI diagnosis 137 days after the fracture, fVitamin D deficiency, gMaltreatment diagnosis (n = 10), entry only in the Register of Children and Young Persons Subjected to Child Welfare Measures (n = 11); other diagnoses: subdural hemorrhage (n = 2), retinal hemorrhage (n = 1), rib fractures (n = 4), skull fractures (n = 2), hMaltreatment diagnosis (n = 4), entry only in the Register of Children and Young Persons Subjected to Child Welfare Measures (n = 2)