Table 1 Means (± standard deviation) (normally distributed continuous data), medians (IQR) (non-normally distributed continuous data) and row participant percentages (n) (categorical data) for the independent variables grouped for participants dichotomised as a poor response (GROC ≤ + 1) or a positive response (GROC ≥ + 2) to the non-surgical multidisciplinary management of LBP. OR’s reflect either an increased (OR > 1) or decreased (OR < 1) odds of a poor response associated with higher scores (continuous measures expressed as a 1 unit increase in measure) or presence of patient characteristics (categorical measures)

 Age (years)

53.61 ± 14.39

53.74 ± 16

1 (0.98–1.02)

0.96

 Gender (% male (n))

50.5% (48)

49.5% (47)

1.71 (0.94–3.12)

0.08*

 English First Language (% yes (n))

43.5% (70)

56.5% (91)

0.68 (0.25–1.86)

0.46

 Completed Tafe/Trade/ University (% yes (n))

30% (23)

70% (53)

Referent

 Completed Secondary School (% yes (n))

53% (16)

47% (14)

2.63 (1.11–6.28)

0.03*

 School Incomplete (% yes (n))

58% (37)

42% (27)

3.16 (1.58–6.34)

0.001*

 Employed (% yes (n))

36% (29)

64% (52)

Referent

 Unemployed (% yes (n))

58% (14)

42% (10)

2.51 (0.99–6.36)

0.05*

 Retired (% yes (n))

45% (26)

55% (32)

1.46 (0.73–2.9)

0.28

 Married/Defacto Relationship (% yes (n))

43% (44)

57% (59)

0.88 (0.48–1.6)

0.67

 Dependents (% yes (n))

43% (21)

57% (28)

0.92 (0.47–1.78)

0.8

 Body Mass Index (kilogram/meters²)

30.61 ± 7.78

30.52 ± 7.11

1 (0.96–1.05)

0.94

 Disability Benefits (% yes (n))

66% (21)

34% (11)

2.95 (1.32–6.57)

0.008*

 Smoking Status (% yes (n))

56% (27)

44% (21)

1.9 (0.97–3.72)

0.06*

 Comorbidities (number)

2 (1–3)

1 (1–2)

1.03 (0.87–1.23)

0.72

 Total Body Pain Areas (number/18 body regions)

5 (3–8)

5 (3–7)

1.02 (0.94–1.12)

0.64

 Quality of Life (utility score/1)

0.54 (0.4–0.68)

0.65 (0.49–0.79)

0.11 (0.02–0.54)

0.007*

 Depression Score (score/42)

10 (4–24)

8 (4–18)

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

0.14

 Anxiety Score (score/42)

8 (3–15)

6 (0–12)

1.02 (0.99–1.06)

0.23

 Stress Score (score/42)

12 (4–25)

12 (5–18)

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

0.23

 Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (score/60)

27.26 ± 13.65

32.2 ± 13.84

0.97 (0.95–1)

0.03*

 ÖMPSQ (score/100)

62.99 ± 14.31

55.16 ± 14.91

1.04 (1.02–1.06)

0.001*

 Patient Expectations of Benefit (score/10)

5.8 ± 2.58

6.26 ± 2.78

0.94 (0.84–1.05)

0.27

 Oswestry Disability Index (score/100)

46.1 ± 15.69

37.43 ± 15.16

1.04 (1.01–1.06)

0.001*

 Patient Specific Functional Scale (score/10)

4.03 ± 1.77

4.29 ± 1.77

0.92 (0.76–1.11)

0.39

 S-LANSS Pain Score (% ≥ 12 points (n))

49% (35)

51% (37)

1.35 (0.74–2.48)

0.33

 Symptom Duration (% >  12 months (n))

49% (66)

51% (68)

2.35 (1.1–4.98)

0.03*

 Traumatic Onset (% yes (n))

49% (31)

51% (33)

1.44 (0.77–2.71)

0.25

 Previous Surgery (% yes (n))

47% (7)

53% (8)

1.1 (0.38–3.18)

0.86

 Thorax and/or Cervical Spine Pain (% yes (n))

46% (41)

54% (48)

1.15 (0.63–2.07)

0.65

 Bilateral Low Back Pain (% yes (n))

48% (57)

52% (62)

1.65 (0.86–3.18)

0.13

 Leg Pain (% yes (n))

45% (58)

55% (71)

1.16 (0.59–2.3)

0.67

 Leg Paraesthesia/Anaesthesia (% yes (n))

49% (40)

51% (41)

1.5 (0.82–2.74)

0.18

 Lumbar Extension Range (°)

18.92 ± 12.12

20.55 ± 10.91

0.99 (0.96–1.01)

0.36

 Lumbar Flexion Range (°)

63.3 ± 26.33

68.52 ± 23.26

0.99 (0.98–1)

0.17

 Nerve Conduction (% positive pattern (n))

38% (16)

62% (26)

0.71 (0.34–1.48)

0.37

 Nerve Mechanosensitivity (% yes (n))

42% (36)

58% (49)

0.92 (0.51–1.68)

0.79

 Absent (% yes (n))

43% (55)

57% (72)

Referent

 Mild (% yes (n))

62% (8)

38% (5)

2.09 (0.65–6.76)

0.22

 Moderate (% yes (n))

32% (6)

68% (13)

0.6 (0.22–1.69)

0.34

 Severe (% yes (n))

46% (5)

54% (6)

1.09 (0.32–3.76)

0.89

 Absent (% yes (n))

47% (24)

53% (27)

Referent

 Mild (% yes (n))

43% (12)

57% (16)

0.84 (0.33–2.14)

0.72

 Moderate (% yes (n))

40% (26)

60% (39)

0.75 (0.36–1.57)

0.45

 Severe (% yes (n))

48% (13)

52% (14)

1.04 (0.41–2.66)

0.93

 Absent (% yes (n))

45% (53)

55% (65)

Referent

 Mild (% yes (n))

38% (8)

62% (13)

0.75 (0.29–1.96)

0.56

 Moderate (% yes (n))

48% (9)

52% (10)

1.1 (0.42–2.91)

0.84

 Severe (% yes (n))

39% (5)

61% (8)

0.77 (0.24–2.48)

0.66

 Absent (% yes (n))

39% (43)

61% (68)

Referent

 Mild (% yes (n))

46% (6)

54% (7)

1.36 (0.43–4.30)

0.61

 Moderate (% yes (n))

53% (17)

47% (15)

1.79 (0.81–3.96)

0.15

 Severe (% yes (n))

60% (9)

40% (6)

2.37 (0.79–7.14)

0.12

 Absent (% yes (n))

44% (56)

56% (70)

Referent

 Mild (% yes (n))

40% (6)

60% (9)

0.83 (0.28–2.48)

0.74

 Moderate (% yes (n))

38% (8)

62% (13)

0.77 (0.3–1.99)

0.59

 Severe (% yes (n))

56% (5)

44% (4)

1.56 (0.4–6.09)

0.52

Disc Pathology (% yes (n))

42% (57)

58% (79)

0.68 (0.32–1.44)

0.31

Vertebral Body Pathology (% yes (n))

59% (13)

41% (9)

2.03 (0.82–5.04)

0.13

Zygopophyseal Joint Pathology (% yes (n))

42% (39)

58% (54)

0.84 (0.46–1.55)

0.58

Spondylolysis (% yes (n))

41% (7)

59% (10)

0.88 (0.32–2.42)

0.8

Spondylolisthesis (% yes (n))

55% (22)

45% (18)

1.8 (0.88–3.67)

0.11

Nerve Comprise (% yes (n))

39% (37)

61% (59)

0.61 (0.33–1.13)

0.11

Radiology Findings - Poor Prognosis (% yes (n))

44% (24)

56% (30)

1.04 (0.54–2.01)

0.9