Table 2 Biomarkers at the bone cartilage interface in OA

 CTX-I

–

Increased in endotype subpopulation

[83]

 αCTX

–

Associated with increased bone turnover, and progression of disease (JSN, osteophytes) in OA patients

[84]

 C1M

Increased

Increased in total joint replacement subpopulation

[85]

 TRACP

–

Associated with subchondral osteoclast number and pain in symptomatic knee OA

[86]

 CTX-II

Increased

Correlated with KL grade, bone marrow lesions, osteophytes. Associated with incidence and radiographic progression of OA

[87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94]

 C2M

Increased

Associated with KL grade

[95]

 Coll2–1

Increased

Proposed association with progression of OA

[96]

 C2C

Increased

– 

 PIIANP

–

Associated with progression of knee OA. Negatively associated with disease burden in knee and hip OA

[97,98,99]

 PIIBNP

Decreased

–

[100]

 ARGS

Increased

–

[101]

 COMP

–

Associated with incidence and progression of OA

[102,103,104]