Table 3 Musculoskeletal variables: 3-Groups

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

p (ES)

(95% CI)

p (ES)

p (ES)

Combined right and left HG (kg)

67.5 ± 1.3

(61.8–68.4)

69.7 ± 2.0

(68.0–78.1)

0.035* (0.48)

76.2 ± 2.2

(73.3–84.5)

0.001* (0.84)

0.028* (0.34)

Combined right and left arm BFLM (kg)

4.96 ± 0.09

(4.40–5.00)

5.42 ± 0.14

(5.32–6.23)

0.009* (0.73)

6.10 ± 0.16

(5.89–6.90)

< 0.001* (1.09)

0.002* (0.37)

MQ

13.9 ± 0.2

(13.6–14.5)

13.2 ± 0.3

(12.4–13.6)

0.066 (0.54)

12.9 ± 0.3

(12.0–13.4)

0.014* (0.67)

0.515 (0.13)

Anteroposterior spine BMD (g/cm²)

1.013 ± 0.011

(0.987–1.031)

1.007 ± 0.017

(0.978–1.045)

0.792 (0.3)

1.059 ± 0.019

(1.029–1.104)

0.041* (0.52)

0.046* (0.48)

Lateral spine BMD (g/cm²)

0.785 ± 0.009

(0.760–0.797)

0.791 ± 0.014

(0.770–0.827)

0.706 (0.02)

0.846 ± 0.016

(0.825–0.889)

0.001* (0.86)

0.010* (0.61)

Femoral neck BMD (g/cm²)

0.915 ± 0.013

(0.880–0.933)

0.954 ± 0.020

(0.922–1.002)

0.108 (0.41)

0.970 ± 0.022

(0.940–1.029)

0.032* (0.57)

0.566 (0.16)

Total hip BMD (g/cm²)

1.016 ± 0.012

(0.981–1.032)

1.055 ± 0.019

(1.028–1.106)

0.098 (0.45)

1.068 ± 0.021

(1.039–1.126)

0.036* (0.64)

0.625 (0.11)

Whole-body BMD (g/cm²)

1.068 ± 0.008

(1.041–1.077)

1.095 ± 0.013

(1.079–1.134)

0.087 (0.52)

1.120 ± 0.014

(1.103–1.165)

0.002* (0.85)

0.198 (0.28)