Table 1 Characteristics of included studies examining the association between β-carotene intake and risk of fractures
From: Effects of β-carotene intake on the risk of fracture: a Bayesian meta-analysis
Author, year | Study design | Sample size | Percent of Women | Fracture outcomes | Mean age | Exposure assessment | Covariate adjustmenta | Country | NOS score | Items that did not earn a NOS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feskanich, 2002 [24] | Cohort | 72,337 | 100 | Hip fracture | 60 | FFQ: Self-reported | 1, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 | USA | 7 | - Study controls for any additional factor - Complete follow up, all subjects accounted for |
Zhang, 2006 [18] | C-C | 2564 | 69.2 | Hip fracture | 75.2 | FFQ: Self-reported | 1, 2, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 21 | USA | 9 | |
Sahni, 2009 [17] | Cohort | 1046 | 61 | Hip fracture | 75 | FFQ: Self-reported | 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 14, 19, 21, 22 | USA | 8 | - Truly representative of the average sample in the community |
Ambrosini, 2013 [19] | Cohort | 2322 | 28.6 | Any fracture | 55 | Medical records | 1, 2, 6, 8, 14, 23 | Australia | 5 | - Truly representative of the average sample in the community - Independent blind assessment - Study controls for any additional factor - Complete follow up, all subjects accounted for |
Sun, 2014 [20] | C-C | 1452 | NA | Hip fracture | 70.5 | FFQ: Self-reported | 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 | China | 7 | - Consecutive or representative series of cases - Community controls |
Dai, 2014 [23] | Cohort | 63,154 | 55.8 | Hip fracture | 56.3 | FFQ: Self-reported | 1, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 | Singapore/China | 7 | - Complete follow up, all subjects accounted for - Independent blind assessment |
Jonge, 2015 [22] | Cohort | 5288 | 58.9 | Any fracture | 67 | FFQ: Self-reported | 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 14, 29 | Netherland | 8 | - Selected an adequate follow up period for outcome of interest |
Hayhoe, 2017 [37] | Cohort | 40,242 | 55.3 | Any/hip/spine fracture | 60.8 | 7-day food diaries | 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 30, 31 | UK | 9 | |
Cao, 2018 [21] | C-C | 2140 | 74.1 | Hip fracture | 70.6 | FFQ: Self-reported | 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 32 | China | 5 | - Consecutive or representative series of cases - Study controls for any additional factor - Same method of ascertainment for cases and controls - Same non-response rate for both groups |