Table 1 Scoring from the modified Downs and Black Checklist assessing risk of bias. Certain items were not applicable to all studies
From: The mechanism of hamstring injuries – a systematic review
Downs and Black Checklist item | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors | 1 Hypothesis described | 2 Main outcome described | 3 Patient characteristics described | 6 Main finding described | 7 Estimates of outcome variability | 9 Characteristics of patient lost to follow-up | 10 Actual probability values | 11 Subjects asked to participate representative | 12 Subjects prepared to participate representative | 16 Results based on data dredging made clear | 17 Different length of follow-up adjusted | 18 Appropriate statistics | 20 Outcome valid and reliable | 25 Adjustment for confounders | 26 Loss to follow-up taken into account | 27 Sufficient power | Sum |
Askling et al. [19] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 11 |
Askling et al. [31] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 10 |
Chumanov et al. [34] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | N/A | N/A | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 9 |
Fiorentino et al. [32] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 |
Hanley et al. [35] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 9 |
Hanley et al. [36] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 9 |
Heiderscheit et al. [37] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 |
Higashihara et al. [38] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 8 |
Higashihara et al. [39] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 8 |
Jones et al. [40] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 9 |
Mann et al. [28] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 |
Montgomery III et al. [33] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 8 |
Ono et al. [41] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 8 |
Padulo et al. [42] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 8 |
Prior et al. [43] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 5 | 14 |
Ruan et al. [44] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 8 |
Sallay et al. [45] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 |
Schache et al. [46] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 |
Schache et al. [47] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 |
Schache et al. [48] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 |
Schuermans et al. [49] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 10 |
Schuermans et al. [50] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
Sun et al. [51] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 |
Thelen et al. [52] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 7 |
Wan et al. [53] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 9 |
Yu et al. [54] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 9 |