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Table 3 Mean differences within-group and between-groups at post-treatment in the studied variables (mean ± standard deviation or (95% confidence interval)

From: Effects of exercise combined with whole body vibration in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomised-controlled clinical trial

Group

Baseline

Post-treatment

Within-group mean changes

Between-groups mean changes

LEFS, points

 Control

48 ± 17.1

50 ± 17.0

2 (1 to 4)

20.0 (10 to 29) ††

 WBV

53 ± 21.3

70 ± 16.0

17 (13 to 20) **

KUJALA, points

 Control

52 ± 15.1

52 ± 13.0

0 (−3 to 3) *

19.0 (10 to 27) ††

 WBV

50 ± 23.4

71 ± 15.6

21 (14 to 28)**

DN4, points

 Control

3.4 ± 1.5

2.1 ± 1.2

1.3 (0.9 to 1.6) **

1.9 (1.3 to 2.4) ††

 WBV

4.2 ± 2.1

0.2 ± .5

4 (3.1 to 4.9) **

VAS, mm

 Control

59 ± 13.6

54 ± 14.1

5 (2 to 9)*

44.0 (35 to 52)††

 WBV

56 ± 20.2

10 ± 15.4

46 (37 to 55)**

KNEE ROMFLEX,(°)

 Control

115 ± 10.9

110 ± 13.2

5 (0 to − 7)*

23.0 (16 to 28)††

 WBV

120 ± 12.0

133 ± 7.3

13 (9 to 15)**

KNEE ROMEXT (°)

 Control

0.4 ± 1.4

0.2 ± 1

0.2 (− 0.2 to 0.6)

0.2 (−0.5 to 0.9)

 WBV

1 ± 2

0.4 ± 1.4

0.6 (− 0.08 to 1.3)

  1. Abbreviations: WBV, whole body vibration; LEFS-lower extremity functional scale; DN4, Douleur Neuropathique-4 items questionnaire; VAS, visual analogue scale; ROMFLEX, knee flexion range of motion; ROMEXT, knee extension range of motion
  2. * Indicates statistically significant within-group differences (p < 0.05)
  3. ** Indicates statistically significant within-group differences (p < 0.001)
  4. †† Indicates statistically significant between-groups differences (p < 0.001)