Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Study | Subjects (n) | Age (years) mean (SD) | Weight (kg) /height (cm)/BMI (kg/m2) mean (SD) | Activity level | Sport | Functional task | Follow-up | Outcomes | Results | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smeets et al. 2019 [42] | ACL injury: 4 females Controls: 35 females | ACL injury: 21 (3) Controls:20.7 (3) | ACL injury: 62.6 (6.9)/172 (10)/ 21.2 (1.0) Controls: 64.9 (7.5)/172 (9)/ 22.1 (1.6) | Elite | Soccer, handball, volleyball | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 1 year | 3D knee abduction angle (mean across entire landing phase) Peak knee abduction moment | No difference in baseline 3D knee abduction angle or peak knee abduction moment between those who sustained an ACL injury and controls | 11/19 (58%) |
Räisänen et al. 2018 [37] | ACL injury: 4 females Controls:265 (125 females) | 15.7 (1.8) | 64.6 (10)/173.3 (9.1)/NR | U21 | Floorball, basketball | Single-leg squat | 1 year | 2D knee abduction angle | NR* | 15/19 (79%) |
Numata et al. 2018 [40] | ACL injury: 27 females Controls: 27 females | ACL injury: 15 (0) Controls: 15 (0) | ACL injury: 57.4 (7.2)/161.2 (7.1)/ 22.1 (1.5) Controls: 54.3 (5.4)/159.2 (5.8)/ 21.4 (1.9) | High school team sport | Basketball, Handball | Single-leg vertical drop jump | 3 years | 2D medial displacement (IC, peak, excursion) | Those who sustained an ACL injury had greater baseline MKD at IC and greater peak MKD compared to controls. MKD excursion NR | 14/19 (73%) |
Krosshaug et al. 2016 [20] | ACL injury: 30 females Controls: 613 females | ACL injury: 19.9 (2.8) Controls: 21.0 (3.9) | ACL injury: 64.6 (7.8)/168 (6.3)/NR Controls: 66.3 (7.9)/169.5 (6.4)/NR | Elite | Soccer, handball | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 1-7 years | 3D knee abduction angle (IC) 2D medial displacement (excursion) Peak knee abduction moment | No difference in baseline knee abduction at IC, peak knee abduction or MKD between those who sustained an ACL injury and controls | 16/19 (84%) |
Leppänen et al. 2017 [39] | ACL injury: 15 females Controls*: 327 females | 15.4 (1.9) | 167.7 (6.2)/60.8 (8.0)/NR | Junior league | Basketball, floorball | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 3 years | 3D knee abduction angle (IC) 2D medial displacement (excursion) Peak knee abduction moment | No difference between baseline knee abduction at IC, peak knee abduction or knee abduction moment between those who sustained an ACL injury and controls | 15/19 (79%) |
Dingenen et.al 2015 [38] | ACL injury: 4 females Controls: 40 females | ACL injury: 20.2 (2.9) Controls: 20.8 (3.5) | ACL injury: 61.4 (7.3)/169.1 (10.2)/ 21.4 (1.3) Controls: 64.2 (7.7)/170.7 (8.4)/ 22.1 (2.4) | Elite | Soccer, handball, volley ball | Single-leg vertical drop jump | 1 year | 2D knee abduction angle | NR | 14/19 (73%) |
Goerger et al. 2015 [41] | ACL injury: 12 (4 females) Controls: 39 (19 females) | ACL injury: 18.6 (0.5) Controls: 18.5 (0.5) | ACL injury: 72.6 (9.5)/174.1 (7.3)/NR Controls: 70.2 (13.)/172.6 (9.1)/ NR | Military | NA | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 3 years | 3D knee abduction angle (IC, peak) | No difference between baseline knee abduction at IC, peak knee abduction or knee abduction moment between those who sustained an ACL injury and controls | 14/19 (73%) |
Nilstad et al. 2014 [35] | ACL injury: 4 females Controls: 134 females | 21.5 (4.1) | 62 (6) /167 (5)/NR | Elite | Soccer | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 1 Year | 3D knee abduction angle (peak) | NR | 15/19 (79%) |
Hewett et al. 2005 [17] | ACL injury: 9 females Controls*: 390 females | ACL injury: 15.8 (1.0) Controls: 16.1 (1.7) | ACL injury: 61.5 (8.3)/167.7 (6.8)/ NR Controls: 59.1 (8.1)/164.1 (6)/ NR | High school team sport | Soccer, basket-ball, volley-ball | Double-leg vertical drop jump | 1 Year | 3D knee abduction angle (IC, peak) Peak knee abduction moment | Those who sustained an ACL injury had greater baseline knee abduction at IC, peak knee abduction and peak knee abduction moment compared to controls | 12/19 (63%) |