Improvement of locomotive syndrome with surgical treatment in patients with degenerative diseases in the lumbar spine and lower extremities: a prospective cohort study

Table 4 Data and LS improvement of the two-step test in the four groups

Groups	Lumbar (n = 81)	Hip (n = 106)	Knee (n = 43)	Foot & Ankle (n = 27)
Score of the two-step test
Before surgery, mean (SD)	1.09 (0.26) ^#,§	0.97 (0.23) ^*,¶	0.85 (0.28) ^*,¶	1.19 (0.19) ^#,§
6 months after surgery, mean (SD)	1.16 (0.24)^§	1.15 (0.20)^§	1.04 (0.24) ^{*, #,¶}	1.17 (0.18)^§
12 months after surgery, mean (SD)	1.20 (0.24)^§	1.18 (0.20)^§	1.06 (0.23) ^{*, #,¶}	1.25 (0.15)^§
Prevalence of patients with LS improvement based on two-step test
6 months after surgery, %	38.3%	48.1%	27.9%	18.5%
12 months after surgery, %	46.9%	59.4%	34.9%	44.4%

^*P < 0.05 versus Lumbar group, ^#P < 0.05 versus Hip group, ^§P < 0.05 versus Knee group, ^¶P < 0.05 versus Foot & Ankle group,
LS locomotive syndrome; SD standard deviation
The scores of < 1.1 and < 1.3 were classified as LS stages 2 and 1, respectively
LS improvement was defined as the postoperative downgrade of LS grade in each of the tests
When the preoperative LS grade was zero in the rare cases, the improvement was defined as the postoperative improved measurements of the tests

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