Fig. 1

Bilobalide ameliorated skeletal muscle damage and edema induced by I/R. a Representative photomicrographs of skeletal muscle tissue following H&E staining (upper panel magnification = 100×, scale bars = 200 μm; lower panel magnification = 400×, scale bars = 50 μm). Uninjured fibers were characterized as having well-defined borders and morphologic uniformity without holes or breaks, while injured fibers exhibited broken, fragmented fiber morphologies. b Quantification of histological damage scores in the different groups. For histological quantification of hind limb muscle fiber injury, five random fields were evaluated for damage. The histological damage scores were based on muscle fiber disorganization and degeneration and on inflammatory cell infiltration. c Edema is presented as the wet weight/dry weight ratios of skeletal muscle in the different groups. ^*P < 0.05 and ^**p < 0.01 compared with the Sham group; ^#p < 0.05 compared with the I/R group; ns = not significant compared with the I/R + bilobalide-low group. n = 8 per group