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Table 3 Self-efficacy for other symptoms at baseline, association with pain and physical activity at the follow-ups

From: High self-efficacy – a predictor of reduced pain and higher levels of physical activity among patients with osteoarthritis: an observational study

 

Paina

Physical activityb

Unadjusted modelc

Adjusted modelc

Unadjusted modelc

Adjusted modelc

LSM ± SE

p-value

Effect size (f2)b

LSM ± SE

p-value

LSM ± SE

p-value

Effect size (f2)b

LSM ± SE

p-value

Intercept

   

27.91 ± 1.39

< 0.01*

   

5.39 ± 0.09

< 0.01*

Time

    

< 0.01*

    

< 0.01*

1 = Baseline (ref)

   

45.14 ± 0.73

    

4.84 ± 0.05

2 = 3 months

   

34.51 ± 0.74

    

5.07 ± 0.05

3 = 1 year

   

36.67 ± 0.73

    

4.80 ± 0.05

Self-efficacy for management of other symptoms

    

< 0.01*

    

< 0.01*

0 = ≤68 (ref)

   

41.76 ± 0.71

    

4.72 ± 0.05

1 = > 68

   

35.78 ± 0.71

    

5.08 ± 0.05

Gender

 

< 0.01*

0.001

 

< 0.01*

 

< 0.01*

0.003

 

< 0.01*

1 = Male

40.43 ± 0.51

  

37.63 ± 0.75

 

4.98 ± 0.03

  

4.73 ± 0.05

2 = Female (ref)

42.86 ± 0.32

  

39.92 ± 0.69

 

5.32 ± 0.02

  

5.08 ± 0.04

Age, yrs

 

0.07

0.001

 

< 0.01*

 

< 0.01*

0.002

 

< 0.01*

1 = ≤45 (ref)

39.13 ± 1.62

  

37.27 ± 1.28

 

4.68 ± 0.09

  

4.54 ± 0.08

2 = 46–75

42.39 ± 0.29

  

40.14 ± 0.58

 

5.37 ± 0.02

  

5.12 ± 0.05

3 = > 75

41.31 ± 0.79

  

38.92 ± 0.79

 

5.37 ± 0.05

  

5.11 ± 0.05

Born in Sweden

 

< 0.01*

0.002

 

< 0.01*

 

< 0.01*

0.001

 

< 0.01*

0 = No

47.96 ± 0.98

  

41.13 ± 0.92

 

4.98 ± 0.06

  

4.80 ± 0.06

1 = Yes (ref)

41.71 ± 0.28

  

36.41 ± 0.61

 

5.25 ± 0.02

  

5.01 ± 0.04

Marital status

 

0.22

0.001

 

0.96

 

0.32

0.001

 

0.97

1 = Cohabiting (ref)

41.99 ± 0.31

  

38.78 ± 0.70

 

5.21 ± 0.02

  

4.90 ± 0.05

2 = Living alone

42.75 ± 0.54

  

38.76 ± 0.74

 

5.25 ± 0.03

  

4.90 ± 0.05

Education

 

< 0.01*

0.001

 

< 0.01*

 

0.01*

0.000

 

0.10

1 = Compulsory school (ref)

42.92 ± 0.44

  

39.70 ± 0.74

 

5.26 ± 0.03

  

4.94 ± 0.05

2 = Upper secondary school

43.29 ± 0.46

  

40.17 ± 0.72

 

5.16 ± 0.03

  

4.88 ± 0.05

3 = University

39.72 ± 0.51

  

36.45 ± 0.76

 

5.26 ± 0.03

  

4.88 ± 0.05

Affected other hip/knee

 

< 0.01*

0.002

 

< 0.01*

 

0.47

−0.000

 

0.64

0 = No

39.39 ± 0.40

  

36.89 ± 0.72

 

5.23 ± 0.02

  

4.90 ± 0.05

1 = Yes (ref)

44.42 ± 0.36

  

40.66 ± 0.71

 

5.21 ± 0.02

  

4.91 ± 0.05

Most affected joint

 

< 0.01*

0.000

 

< 0.01*

 

0.15

0.000

 

0.80

1 = Hip (ref)

43.51 ± 0.52

  

40.42 ± 0.75

 

5.26 ± 0.03

  

4.90 ± 0.05

2 = Knee

41.67 ± 0.32

  

37.13 ± 0.69

 

5.21 ± 0.02

  

4.91 ± 0.05

Walking difficulty

  

0.025

 

< 0.01*

 

< 0.01*

0.001

 

0.08

0 = No (ref)

31.08 ± 0.64

< 0.01*

 

32.87 ± 0.80

 

5.36 ± 0.04

  

4.94 ± 0.05

1 = Yes

44.41 ± 0.28

  

44.67 ± 0.67

 

5.20 ± 0.02

  

4.87 ± 0.04

BMI, kg/m2

 

< 0.01*

0.007

 

< 0.01*

 

< 0.01*

0.052

 

< 0.01*

1 = Underweight < 18.5

41.29 ± 1.92

  

37.60 ± 1.59

 

5.08 ± 0.10

  

4.76 ± 0.10

2 = Normal weight 18.5–24.9 (ref)

39.41 ± 0.51

  

37.30 ± 0.63

 

5.59 ± 0.03

  

5.27 ± 0.04

3 = Overweight 25–29.9

41.26 ± 0.42

  

38.18 ± 0.63

 

5.26 ± 0.03

  

5.00 ± 0.04

4 = Obese ≥ 30

46.59 ± 0.51

  

42.01 ± 0.67

 

4.84 ± 0.03

  

4.58 ± 0.05

  1. Self-efficacy for management of other symptoms at baseline, and association with pain and physical activity at the follow-ups. Estimated least squares means from unadjusted and adjusted models for pain and physical activity using self-efficacy for management of other symptoms as a fixed factor in all models. Effect sizes are from the unadjusted model for each demographic and clinical characteristic
  2. BMI body mass index, LSM least squares means, ref. reference category, SE standard error
  3. aMeasured using a VAS from 0 to 100; bdays per week of being physically active for ≥30 min; cMixed linear model analysis with a restricted maximum likelihood method; deffect size interpreted according to Cohen’s guidelines: ≥0.02 = small; ≥0.15 = medium; ≥0.35 = large [35]
  4. *p-value< 0.05
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BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2474

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