Table 1 Demographic Characteristics

Sample size

12

9

21

19

12

31

–

Age (mean ± SD)

40.2 ± 11.8

47.3 ± 9.3

43.2 ± 10.9

43.7 ± 8.8

34.9 ± 9.3

40.3 ± 9.7

0.327

Male

6

4

10

15

11

26

0.005*

Female

6

5

11

4

1

5

A3

12

9

21

16

1

17

< 0.001*

A4

0

0

0

3

11

14

Smoking history

2

1

3

5

5

10

0.004*

T11

0

0

0

0

1

1

0.193

T12

1

4

5

3

0

3

L1

5

3

8

11

3

14

L2

5

2

7

3

2

5

L3

1

0

1

1

5

6

L4

0

0

0

1

1

2

Comminution

1.4 ± 0.7

1.7 ± 0.5

1.5 ± 0.6

2.1 ± 0.5

2.8 ± 0.5

2.3 ± 0.6

< 0.001*

Fragmental apposition

1.3 ± 0.7

1.2 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.5

1.7 ± 0.7

2.6 ± 0.7

2.1 ± 0.8

< 0.001*

Deformity correction

2.1 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 0.7

2.2 ± 0.7

2.5 ± 0.6

2.8 ± 0.5

2.6 ± 0.5

0.047*

Total Score

4.8 ± 1.7

5.2 ± 1.2

5.0 ± 1.5

6.3 ± 1.5

8.3 ± 1.1

7 ± 1.7

< 0.001*

B

0

0

0

0

1

1

0.029*

C

0

0

0

2

2

4

D

1

0

1

4

4

8

E

11

9

20

13

5

18

YES

2

1

3

4

7

11

0.091

NO

10

8

18

15

5

20