Table 3 Potential risk factors grouped into the international classification of function and disability (ICF)

Dieck et al.

From Table 6^a

• Shoulder elevation^c

• Hip elevation^c

• Deviation of the spine^c

• Scoliosis: X² = 0.001 (p = 0.98)

• Kyphosis (normal): X² = 6.38 (p = 0.09)

• Lordosis (normal): X² = 1.05 (p = 0.79)

• Pelvic tilt (normal):X² = 0.19 (p = 0.91)

Grimby Ekman et al. [36]

From Table 6^a

• Asthma: crude OR = 2.0 (p = 0.046)^b

• Asthma: adj. OR = 2.0 (0.996–3.91)

• Perceived stress: adj. OR 1.7 (1.13–2.63)^b

• Overweight: OR = 0.80 (p = 0.522)

• Computer use pattern:

- One 4 h period without a break: adj. OR = 1.7 (0.941–2.94)

- At least two 4 h periods without a break adj. OR = 1.8 (1.16–2.89)^b

• Physical activity: OR = 0.99 (p = 0.599)

• Breakfast regularly: OR = 0.81 (p = 0.423)

• Work/study time: OR 1.0 (p = 0.889)

• High work/study demands

- Not affecting home life: adj. OR = 1.4 (0.913–2.20)

- Affecting home life: adj. OR = 1.1 (0.596–2.12)

• High home life demands: adj. OR = 2.2 (0.912–5.07)

• Good relationships with superiors: OR = 0.67 (p = 0.280)

• Good relationships with colleagues: adj. OR = 0.72 (0.354–1.48)

• Being female: adj. OR 3.1 (2.00–4.82)^b

• Snuff use: OR = not reported

• Smoking: OR = 1.2 (p = 0.685)

Gustafsson et al. [35]

From table 3^a

One year follow-up:

- High stable, Short message service (SMS) (> 11 per day): adj. OR = 1.0 (0.69–1.58)

- Stable SMS: OR = 1

Five year follow up:

- High stable SMS: adj. OR = 1.3 (0.76–2.19)

- Stable SMS: OR = 1

Kanchanomai et al. [34]

From Table 2 and 3^a

• Neck extensor and flexor endurance^c

• Neck range of motion (ROM), extension, flexion, rotation and lateral rotation ^c

• Pectoralis major muscle length^c

• Upper limb nerve tension test ^c

• ROM elbow extension ^c

• Chronic diseases^c

• Mental health ^c

• Body mass index^c

• Elbows positioned at 90° angle while using computer

- Yes: adj. OR = 1.00

- No: adj. OR = 1.52 (0.99–2.31)

• Percent duration of mouse use while working at desk

- < 70: adj. OR = 1.00

- ≥ 70: adj. OR = 0.66 (0.42–1.04)

• Physical activity^c

• Average amount of daily computer use^c

• Years of computer use^c

• Year of study

- 1st year: adj. OR = 1.00

- 2nd year: adj. OR = 1.90 (1.08–3.35)^b

- 3rd year: adj. OR = 0.96 (0.42–2.15)

- 5th year: adj. OR = 7.09 (0.57–87.70)

• Percent time of computer use for entertainment

- < 70: adj. OR = 1.00

- ≥ 70: adj. OR = 0.44 (0.21–0.95)^b

• Type of computer^c

• Support of head, upper back, low back and arms while using computer

• Computer screen positioned at eye level

- Yes: adj. OR = 1.00

- No: adj. OR = 1.64 (1.13–2.36) ^b

• Mouse height

- Suitable: adj. OR = 1.00

- Too high: adj. 1.30 (0.82–2.10)

- Too low: adj. OR = 0.52 (0.28–0.99)^b

• Keyboard height

- Suitable: adj. OR = 1.00

- Too low: adj. OR = 0.46 (0.17–1.20)

- Too high: adj. OR = 2.18 (1.21–3.91)^b

• Gender^c

• Age^c

• Field of study^c

Siivola et al. [39]

From table 3^a

• Physical condition

- Good or fairly good: RR = 1

- Moderate: RR = 1.3 (0.8–2.2)

- Fairly poor or poor: RR = 0.9 (0.4–2.5)

• Depressive mood

- As continuous variable: RR = 1.1 (0.9–1.2)

Symptoms decreased: RR = 1 (0.6–1.6)

- Symptoms unchanged: RR = 1

- Symptoms increased: RR = 1.3 (0.8–2.1)

• Psychosomatic symptoms score (crude):

- As continuous variable: RR = 1 (1.0–1.1)*

- Symptoms decreased: RR = 0.6 (0.3–1.0)

- Symptoms unchanged:

RR = 1

- Symptoms increased: RR = 1.5 (0.9–2.6)

• BMI

- Quartile 1: RR = 1

- Quartile 2: RR = 1 (0.5–1.9)

- Quartile 3: RR = 1 (0.4–2.1)

- Quartile 4: RR = 1 (0.5–1.9)

• Height

- Quartile 1: RR = 1

- Quartile 2: RR = 1.5 (0.7–3.1)

- Quartile 3: RR = 1.6 (0.8–3.3)

• Quartile 4: RR = 0.9 (0.4–2.1)

• Panting and sweating in physical exercise (intensity of physical activity)

- A lot: RR = 1

- Somewhat: RR = 1.5 (0.7–3.4)

- A little/not at all/no exercise: RR = 1.3 (0.7–2.5)

• School achievement (grade points)

- Quartile 1:RR = 1

- Quartile 2:RR = 1.7 (0.7–4.1)

- Quartile 3: RR = 1 (0.4–2.3)

- Quartile 4: RR = 1 (0.4–2.5)

• Time spent on homework

• School mark for physical education: RR = 0.9 (0.7–1.2)

• Physical activity leisure time

- Very active: RR = 1

- Fairly active: RR = 1.1 (0.6–2.2)

- Fairly passive: RR = 1.4 (0.6–2.9)

- Very passive: RR = 1.3 (0.6–2.8)

• Type of leisure activity

- Sport activities involving dynamic loading of upper extremities: RR = 0.8 (0.4–1.5)

- Other sports: RR = 1.2 (0.3–4.7)

- Hobbies that statically load the upper extremities: RR = 1.2 (0.3–4.7)

- Other hobbies: RR = 1 (0.4–2.4)

• Gender

- Male: 1

- Female: RR = 1.3 (0.8–2.2)

• Seeking health care for NSP

- Quartile 1: RR = 1

- Quartile 2: RR = 1.4 (0.7–2.9)

- Quartile 3: RR = 1 (0.5–2.0)

- Quartile 4:RR = 1.1 (0.6–2.3)

Timpka et al. [38]

From table 2^a

• Isometric muscle strength

- Low: adj. RR = 0.93 (0.83–1.03)

- High: adj. RR = 1.00 (0.90–1.10)