Table 8 Risk Factors for the onset LBP

Clement DB, 1981 [69]

- Leg-length discrepancy

- Reduced hamstrings flexibility

- Reduced back flexibility

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Ellapen TJ, 2013 [70]

- Hip flexion angles (female) -(Thomas Test + goniometer)

p < 0.01

†3.0488

Malliaropoulos N, 2015 [64]

- > than 6 years of experience in running

P = 0.012

†5.4857

Woolf SK, 2002 [63]

- Not equal wear of heels¹

- BMI ≥ 24¹

- Not performing Weekly aerobics activity¹

- Not Play in contact sports regularly¹ (i.e. football, soccer, basketball, wrestling, boxing, rugby

- Not using orthotics + not equal wear of heels¹

- Outside pattern of wear^a,1

- Running without Inside pattern of wear²

- Higher Physical height;

- Flexibility exercises routine for a longer time before working out²

- Not doing Traditional aerobics activity²

p = 0.034

p < 0.01

p < 0.05

p < 0.04

p = 0.011

p = 0.013

p ≤ 0.02

p ≤ 0.02

p ≤ 0.05

p < 0.05

‡1.263 (female ^BMI)

‡1.122 (male ^BMI)