Table 5 Summary of mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement

1

Automatic reactivity to pain

Introduction to mindfulness and the relationship between nociception, pain, and emotional suffering; mindful breathing and body scan

2

Cognitive control through mindfulness

Automatic pain coping habits; awareness of automatic coping; instruction in mindfulness of automatic pilot; mindful breathing

3

Mindful awareness of pain and stress-related cues

Mindful reappraisal as means of coping with negative emotions, stigma; mindful breathing

4

Shifting attention from pain or stress-related cues

Savoring natural rewards; positive emotion regulation; mindful savoring practice

5

Reorientation of attention through mindful breathing

Mindfulness of negative pain coping (e.g., bed rest, reliance on medication) and contemplation of negative consequences; mindful breathing practice

6

Reappraisal of maladaptive thoughts

Relationship of the stress response to pain and negative coping; imaginal stress exposure; mindful breathing; body scan

7

Moving between mindful disengagement and adaptive reappraisal

Concepts of thought suppression, aversion, and attachment; exercise in the futility of thought suppression; mindful breathing and acceptance

8

Review

Review; discussion of maintaining mindfulness practice; finding meaning and purpose of life; development of mindful recovery plan; imaginal rehearsal of skill learning; mindful breathing.