Variable | ACL− n = 289 | ACL+ n = 436 | P-value | Records Available |
---|---|---|---|---|
Participant Characteristic | ||||
 Sex: total (%) female | 133 (46.0) | 213 (48.9) | 0.455 | 725 |
 Age: median years (min-max) | 26 (15–46) | 26 (15–45) | 0.989 | 725 |
 Height: median cm (min-max) | 176.4 (155–197) | 172.0 (151–199) | < 0.001* | 510 |
 Weight: median kg (min-max) | 81.0 (48.4–152.4) | 76 (43.0–149.3) | 0.003 | 510 |
 BMI: median kg/m2 (min-max) | 25.8 (18.4–45.4) | 25.4 (17.5–51.0) | 0.193 | 510 |
 Not sport-related: total (%) | 64 (22.1) | 33 (7.6) | < 0.001* | 725 |
 Sport: total (%) soccer | 47 (16.3) | 129 (29.6) | < 0.001* | 725 |
Mechanism of Injury | ||||
 Non-contact: % (95%CI) | 72.4 (66.0,78.0) | 84.2 (80.4,87.4) | < 0.001* | 632 |
 Hyperextension: % (95%CI) | 10.8 (6.7,17.0) | 11.8 (8.5,16.2) | 0.759 | 420 |
 Hyperflexion: % (95%CI) | 6.1 (3.2,11.3) | 1.8 (0.8,4.4) | 0.021 | 420 |
 Plant/pivot: % (95%CI) | 17.7 (12.4,24.7) | 52.0 (46.1,57.8) | < 0.001* | 431 |
 Valgus: % (95%CI) | 23.2 (17.1,30.6) | 27.7 (22.7,33.3) | 0.313 | 422 |
 Varus: % (95%CI) | 5.3 (2.7,10.3) | 7.3 (4.7,11.1) | 0.436 | 424 |
Time of Injury | ||||
 Pop: % (95%CI) | 47.3 (40.5,54.2) | 83.3 (79.1,86.9) | < 0.001* | 559 |
 Pain: % (95%CI) | 65.3 (58.1,72.0) | 97.8 (95.3,99.0) | < 0.001* | 461 |
 Immediate swelling: % (95%CI) | 57.1 (50.8,63.2) | 91.8 (88.7,94.1) | < 0.001* | 648 |
 Instability: % (95%CI) | 55.4 (47.2,63.3 | 97.5 (95.1,98.7) | < 0.001* | 468 |
 Locking: % (95%CI) | 21.3 (13.5,31.8) | 57.9 (34.8,78.0) | 0.003 | 99 |
 Catching: % (95%CI) | 1.6 (0.2,10.7) | 12.5 (1.4,58.2) | 0.211 | 72 |
 Inability to continue activity: % (95%CI) | 51.8 (44.2,59.2) | 93.2 (89.7,95.7) | < 0.001* | 452 |
Clinical History (since the injury) | ||||
 Delayed pain: % (95%CI) | 3.4 (1.5,7.4) | 1.4 (0.5,3.8) | 0.147 | 454 |
 Delayed swelling: % (95%CI) | 17.4 (13.1,22.8) | 6.5 (4.5,9.4) | < 0.001* | 641 |
 Pain: % (95%CI) | 100 | 100 | – | 668 |
 Swelling: % (95%CI) | 96.7 (90.2,98.9) | 99.5 (97.8,99.9) | 0.056* | 457 |
 Instability: % (95%CI) | 75.4 (69.1,80.6) | 98.8 (97.2,99.5) | < 0.001* | 648 |
 Locking: % (95%CI) | 32.0 (25.2,39.8) | 45.6 (37.4,54.1) | 0.017 | 295 |
 Catching: % (95%CI) | 38.9 (28.2,50.7) | 33.3 (21.6,47.5) | 0.529 | 123 |
 Inability to weight bear: % (95%CI) | 93.0 (82.5,97.4) | 99.4 (95.8,99.9) | 0.016 | 222 |
 Inability to return to activity: % (95%CI) | 90.6 (85.3,94.0) | 100 | < 0.001* | 546 |
 Family history of ACL tear: % (95%CI) | 3.3 (1.6,6.4) | 22.8 (18.8,27.4) | < 0.001* | 609 |
Clinical Examination | ||||
 Positive Lachman: % (95%CI) | 9.6 (6.6,13.8) | 91.3 (88.2,93.6) | < 0.001* | 695 |
 Positive Pivot shift: % (95%CI) | 3.7 (1.8,7.1) | 87.2 (83.3,90.3) | < 0.001* | 570 |
 Positive Anterior drawer: % (95%CI) | 6.1 (3.6,10.0) | 86.6 (81.2,90.7) | < 0.001* | 433 |
 Positive Posterior drawer: % (95%CI) | 4.9 (2.8,8.4) | 1.2 (0.5,0.3) | < 0.001* | 649 |
 Positive Valgus stress: % (95%CI) | 9.7 (6.7,13.8) | 7.4 (5.2,10.3) | 0.284 | 690 |
 Positive Varus stress: % (95%CI) | 1.2 (0.4,3.6) | 0.1 (0.04,2.6) | 0.542 | 664 |
Care Pathway | ||||
 X-ray: total (%) | 240 (83.0) | 372 (85.3) | 0.41 | 725 |
 MRI: total (%) | 279 (96.5) | 356 (81.7) | < 0.001* | 725 |
 Orthopaedic surgeon exam: total (%) | 103 (35.6) | 391 (89.7) | < 0.001* | 725 |
 Surgery: total (%) | 27 (9.3) | 258 (59.2) | < 0.001* | 725 |
 Injury to consultation: median days (min-max) | 126 (1–730) | 176 (1–798) | 0.0246 | 725 |
 Injury to MRI: median days (min-max) | 113 (2–804) | 52 (1–535) | < 0.001* | 725 |
 Injury to surgeon: median days (min-max) | 186 (1–806) | 198 (10–806) | 0.561 | 725 |
 Injury to surgery: median days (min-max) | 192 (15–988) | 308 (19–959) | 0.04 | 725 |